Question 1

Functional MRI (fMRI)differs from ordinary MRI in that

Accepted Answer

fMRI records metabolic changes in the brain, while ordinary MRI only provides structural images. Ordinary MRI does not measure brain function, and is not invasive. Additionally, there is no limitation on the frequency of ordinary MRI scans.

Question 2

Which of the following specializes in medical diseases that affect the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A neurologist specializes in medical diseases that affect the nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. A neuropsychologist studies the relationship between the brain and behavior, while a psychiatrist and psychologist diagnose and treat mental health disorders.

Question 3

What behavioral assessment procedure is associated with the most reactivity?

Accepted Answer

Self-monitoring is associated with the most reactivity because individuals are aware that they are observing and recording their own behaviors, which can lead to changes in those behaviors simply due to the act of monitoring.

Question 4

Current results from brain imaging studies

Accepted Answer

While brain imaging studies have provided valuable insights into the functioning of the brain, they are not currently strong enough to be used as a diagnostic tool for psychopathology. Many disorders are likely to involve multiple regions of the brain rather than a single, localized area, and there is still much to be understood about the complex interactions between different brain regions in the development and maintenance of mental illness.

Question 5

Xavier is recording his thoughts each time he feels depressed.This is also referred to as a __________ assessment.

Accepted Answer

Keeping track of thoughts and feelings is a key feature of cognitive assessment, which focuses on identifying and addressing negative or irrational patterns of thinking that may be contributing to psychological distress. Projective assessments involve interpreting ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts and emotions, while behavioral assessments focus on observable behaviors and their underlying mechanisms. Neuropsychological assessments examine cognitive functioning in relation to brain structure and activity.

Question 6

An example of a self-report cognitive assessment consistent with Beck's theory of depression is

Accepted Answer

The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale is consistent with Beck's theory of depression as it assesses the negative and rigid beliefs that individuals with depression hold about themselves, the world, and the future. This fits with Beck's idea that negative cognitive schemas contribute to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms. The other options (A, C, D) are also cognitive assessments but are not specific to Beck's theory of depression.

Question 7

PET is to CT scan as

Accepted Answer

PET scans and CT scans are both medical imaging techniques, but they have different focuses. PET scans show the metabolic activity and function of tissues, while CT scans show the structure of tissues. Therefore, PET is to CT scan as function is to structure.

Question 8

Which of the following are designed to measure behavioral disturbances resulting from brain dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed to assess cognitive and behavioral functioning in individuals with known or suspected brain dysfunction. They measure aspects such as memory, attention, problem-solving, and executive functioning, which can be compromised by neurological conditions or injuries. Brain imaging techniques, electrocardiograms, and neurotransmitter assessments may provide valuable information related to brain function but are not specifically designed to measure behavioral disturbances resulting from brain dysfunction.

Question 9

Joe's therapist has him keep a log of everything he eats as part of a weight loss program.This is an example of the behavioral assessment technique of

Accepted Answer

Self-monitoring involves recording and observing one's own behavior, which includes keeping a log of everything one eats. This technique is commonly used in behavioral assessments for weight loss programs to help individuals become more aware of their eating habits and make healthier choices. Reactivity refers to the tendency of individuals to alter their behavior when they know they are being observed, which is not the case with self-monitoring. Direct observation involves observing and recording an individual's behavior by an external observer, while cognitive observation involves assessing an individual's thoughts and beliefs.

Question 10

Sarah and Carrie,the same age,were administered the Luria-Nebraska test battery.Sarah graduated with a Ph.D.,while Carrie did not complete high school.Assuming all other factors equal,the scores they receive on the Luria-Nebraska

Accepted Answer

The fact that they are the same age and were administered the same test battery indicates that education level is being controlled for, which means that their scores should not differ based on education level.

Question 11

Cognitive assessment measures are usually used to

Accepted Answer

Cognitive assessment measures are used to test theories about how people think, focusing on understanding cognitive processes such as memory, attention, and problem-solving.

Question 12

Miranda is trying to quit smoking.As part of her behavioral assessment,she is asked to maintain a diary and record what occurred before,during and immediately following each time she smoked a cigarette,in real time.In order to do this,she had structured record sheets for each day.This type of assessment is referred to as

Accepted Answer

This type of assessment, where Miranda is asked to maintain a diary and record what occurred before, during, and immediately following each time she smoked a cigarette in real-time, is called ecological momentary assessment (EMA). EMA is a method of collecting data in real-time, in the natural habitat of the person being assessed, and as such is a highly ecologically valid method of assessment. The other options listed are not as applicable to this type of assessment. Self-report typically involves questionnaires or interviews, where a person reports on their thoughts, feelings or behaviors. Direct observation involves a researcher directly watching and recording a person's behavior in real-time. Finally, behavioral interviews involve asking a person about their past behavior to gain insights into their current or future behavior.

Question 13

PET and MRI are specific types of

Accepted Answer

PET and MRI are both brain imaging tests used to study the structure and function of the brain. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, while MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain's structure. Neither test is designed to assess personality traits or cognitive abilities, so options A, B, and C are incorrect.

Question 14

Which kind of assessment is illustrated here? Dr.Lee assesses the possibility that Joe has brain damage by measuring Joe's performance on a number of tasks including copying symbols,remembering numbers,and recognizing nonsense syllables.Which kind of assessment is illustrated here?

Accepted Answer

The assessment involves measuring Joe's performance on various cognitive tasks, which is typical of neuropsychological assessment. This type of assessment focuses on detecting and characterizing brain dysfunction (injury or disease) by examining cognitive, sensory, and motor abilities. This allows for the identification of specific cognitive or neuropsychological deficits, such as memory loss or language difficulties, which can aid in diagnosis and treatment planning.

Question 15

One of the major problems with drawing conclusions from metabolite studies is that

Accepted Answer

Metabolite studies are often correlational, meaning that they can only demonstrate a relationship between two variables rather than a cause-and-effect relationship. This limits the ability to draw definitive conclusions from these studies. However, this does not mean that metabolite studies are inaccurate or provide little data, and while metabolite levels may change over time, this is not a major problem as long as changes are accurately documented and controlled for in statistical analyses.

Question 16

One of the problems with measuring metabolites from blood or urine is that

Accepted Answer

Measuring metabolites from blood or urine does not accurately reflect the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain because these substances can be metabolized differently in various parts of the body, and their concentrations in the blood or urine may not directly correlate with their concentrations in the brain.

Question 17

fMRI measures blood flow in the brain,called the BOLD signal,which stands for

Accepted Answer

BOLD signal stands for Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent, not any of the other choices listed.

Question 18

A common method assessing neurotransmitters is

Accepted Answer

Analyzing metabolites is a common method for assessing neurotransmitters as neurotransmitters are rapidly metabolized in the brain, leading to the formation of metabolites that can be traced in the biological fluids. Analyzing these metabolites can give an indication of the level of neurotransmitter function within the brain. CT scan and X-ray are not methods used to assess neurotransmitters, while measuring dopamine is a specific example of analyzing a neurotransmitter rather than a general method for assessing neurotransmitters.

Question 19

Which is most similar to an X-ray?

Accepted Answer

A CT scan (computed tomography) uses x-rays to create detailed images of the inside of the body, similar to how an x-ray works. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), EEG (electroencephalogram), and PET scan (positron emission tomography) use different methods of imaging and are not as similar to x-rays.

Question 20

The Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska are specific types of

Accepted Answer

The Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska are both neuropsychological assessments, which are specifically designed to assess the functioning of different areas of the brain and diagnose any cognitive impairments or neurological disorders. They are not personality inventories, intelligence tests, or neurological procedures.

Quiz 3: Diagnosis and Assessment

Functional MRI (fMRI) differs from ordinary MRI in that