Question 1

When applying the integrative model for community health promotion, a nurse assesses the community for accessibility and adequacy of care to provide treatment for medical conditions. What focus does this describe?
A) Individual
B) Family
C) Aggregate
D) Community

Accepted Answer

Assessing the community for accessibility and adequacy of care is a focus on the community as a whole, rather than on individuals, families, or specific aggregates.

Question 2

The pathogenic approach directs nurses towards:
A) Promotion of greater levels of positive health.
B) Teaching about common disease processes
C) Acute care management of chronic disease.
D) Disease prevention, risk appraisal, and disease management

Accepted Answer

The pathogenic approach focuses on disease prevention, risk appraisal, and disease management. It aims to identify and manage diseases in individuals and populations to prevent them from becoming sick or developing complications. This approach involves practices such as immunizations, health screenings, and lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of disease. Option A is more aligned with the salutogenic approach, which emphasizes the promotion of positive health and wellbeing. Option B focuses on educating individuals about diseases, but not necessarily preventing or managing them. Option C is specific to acute care management, but does not encompass disease prevention or risk appraisal.

Question 3

Screening school-age children for hearing deficits is an example of:
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Health promotion

Accepted Answer

Screening school-age children for hearing deficits is an example of secondary prevention, which aims to detect and treat health problems early in their development to prevent further complications. Primary prevention focuses on preventing the onset of a problem, while tertiary prevention focuses on managing and preventing complications of an existing condition. Health promotion aims to improve overall health and well-being through various strategies and interventions.

Question 4

According to Anderson and McFarlane's model, a community health assessment must include:
A) Organized efforts to protect, promote and restore health.
B) Information about the subsystems and patterns of interactions among subsystems of the total community
C) Quantifiable data that can be used in a community health risk assessment.
D) Information about the demographics of the community

Accepted Answer

Anderson and McFarlane's model emphasizes understanding the subsystems and patterns of interactions within a community to assess its health comprehensively.

Question 5

The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services is a guide for:
A) Group risk appraisal and risk reduction
B) Recommendations for preventive interventions
C) Conducting a community wellness inventory
D) Improving environmental living conditions and sanitation

Accepted Answer

The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services provides recommendations for preventive interventions, such as screenings, counseling, and vaccinations, for various populations and conditions. It does not focus on group risk appraisal, community wellness inventory, or improving environmental conditions.

Question 6

Laffrey, Loveland-Cherry, and Winkler describe two paradigms from which the key concepts of nursing science can be viewed. The health paradigm includes:
A) Health defined as the absence of disease.
B) A view of the person's lifestyle judged by their prescribed regime
C) Humans viewed as complex and interconnected with the environment.
D) The directions nurses should take in community education.

Accepted Answer

The health paradigm views humans as complex and interconnected with the environment, emphasizing the holistic approach to health. Health is not defined solely as the absence of disease, and it does not prescribe specific regimes or provide directions for community education.

Question 7

Which of the following statements best describes health risk appraisal and risk reduction?
A) Data about health risks are collected and analyzed; then a health risk profile is generated.
B) The goal is prevention or early detection of disease.
C) The health insurance industry recognizes the potential of risk reduction for cost containment.
D) An epidemiological approach is used to identify risks at the individual level.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements best describes...

Question 8

Community health nurses have long recognized the need to shift the emphasis of health care from illness to wellness. The biomedical model:
A) Explains why some individuals exposed to illness-producing stressors remain healthy
B) Defines health as the absence of disease
C) Discusses illness-producing stressors
D) Defines illness and disease states

Accepted Answer

The biomedical model defines health as the absence of disease, which emphasizes the treatment of illness rather than the promotion of well-being. This model has been criticized for neglecting the social, psychological, and environmental factors that contribute to health and illness. Community health nurses recognize the need to shift the emphasis of healthcare from illness to wellness, which involves a broader understanding of health that includes social, cultural, and environmental factors.

Question 9

The multilevel emphasis from individual to population is important because health behaviors have multiple determinants both internal and external to the individual. If an adolescent decides not to smoke because cigarette machines were banned in town, what determinant does this describe?
A) Community factor
B) Aggregate characteristic
C) Family characteristics
D) Individual attribute

Accepted Answer

The ban on cigarette machines in town is a community factor, which is an external influence on the individual's decision not to smoke.

Question 10

A 5-feet, 6-inch, 25-year-old female who weighs 120 pounds walks 5 miles a day because she has a long family history of early death from heart attacks and is refraining from a sedentary lifestyle. Which of the following best describes this example?
A) Health promotion
B) Illness prevention
C) Health maintenance
D) Health protection

Accepted Answer

The example describes illness prevention as the individual is engaging in physical activity to prevent the development of heart disease, which her family has a history of. Health promotion refers to activities that enhance well-being beyond the absence of disease, while health maintenance involves maintaining an existing level of health. Health protection involves protection against specific health hazards, such as wearing sunscreen to protect against skin cancer.

Question 11

A woman has attended a weight reduction program for a year and lost 75 pounds. She now attends weekly meetings to keep the weight off. Which of the following best describes this example?
A) Health promotion
B) Illness prevention
C) Health maintenance
D) Health protection

Accepted Answer

Health maintenance refers to efforts to maintain or improve an individual's current level of health, which includes ongoing efforts to sustain weight loss and prevent weight gain. The woman's attendance at weekly meetings to maintain her weight loss falls under the category of health maintenance. Health promotion aims to improve overall health, illness prevention aims to prevent the development of diseases or illnesses, and health protection focuses on protecting individuals from harm, such as through vaccination.

Question 12

Health perspectives have varied over time. In the ancient Greek view:
A) Scientific and biological view of disease dominated.
B) There was a focus on assuring conditions for the public health.
C) Collaboration existed between consumers and providers.
D) Health was the totality of environmental forces influencing human well-being.

Accepted Answer

In the ancient Greek view, health was seen as the totality of environmental forces influencing human well-being, which encompassed physical, mental, and social health. The focus was on holistic health and the interconnectedness between individuals and their environment. Science and biology were not as developed at this time, so the prevailing view was not a scientific one. There was some collaboration between consumers and providers, but this was not a central aspect of the ancient Greek view.

Question 13

A method used to promote smoking reduction program in an identified aggregate is:
A) Using scare tactics at local churches to convince individuals to stop smoking
B) Teaching school children about the risks of smoking in all public schools in the area
C) Developing a media campaign using material frequently read by members of the aggregate
D) Asking local officials to make a public service announcement on television

Accepted Answer

Developing a media campaign using material frequently read by members of the aggregate is the best choice as it is targeted at the specific group and is likely to reach a large audience. Using scare tactics or targeting only school children may not reach the desired group, and asking local officials for a public service announcement may not be as effective as a tailored media campaign.

Question 14

A 5-feet, 6-inch, 25-year-old woman who weighs 120 pounds runs 5 miles a day because it improves her mood and energy level. Which of the following best describes this example?
A) Health promotion
B) Illness prevention
C) Health maintenance
D) Health protection

Accepted Answer

This example best describes health promotion, as the woman is engaging in running to improve her mood and energy levels, which are aspects of enhancing overall well-being and quality of life.

Question 15

Despite increased interest in healthy lifestyles, modifiable health-related behaviors are the major contributors to death in the United States. Some examples of modifiable behaviors are:
A) Smoking, poor diet, and alcohol consumption.
B) Cancer, emphysema and cardiovascular disease
C) Walking, running, and aerobic exercise
D) Genetic abnormalities

Accepted Answer

Modifiable health-related behaviors are those that can be changed or modified through lifestyle choices. Smoking, poor diet, and alcohol consumption are all examples of modifiable behaviors that contribute to death in the United States. Cancer, emphysema, and cardiovascular disease are health conditions, rather than behaviors. Walking, running, and aerobic exercise are healthy behaviors but do not necessarily contribute to death when not practiced. Genetic abnormalities are not modifiable behaviors, but rather inherent traits determined by an individual's DNA.

Question 16

The integrative model of Laffrey and Kulbok includes two major dimensions: client system and focus of care. The client system:
A) Targets aggregates
B) Is initiated by the community
C) Includes various levels of clients toward which nursing care is targeted
D) Focuses on health promotion, illness prevention and illness care.

Accepted Answer

The integrative model of Laffrey and Kulbok includes various levels of clients toward which nursing care is targeted, hence the correct choice is C. The client system is not initiated by the community (B) but is rather initiated by healthcare providers. The model focuses on all aspects of care, including health promotion, illness prevention and illness care, so D is not the best choice. Finally, although the model does target aggregates, this is not the only focus of the client system, so A is incorrect.

Question 17

The "top-down" attitude leads people to feel they have no power or control. This implies:
A) Placing responsibility for health behavior on the individual
B) The community taking sole responsibility for health behaviors.
C) Victim blaming for health behavior
D) Blaming local officials for poor policy making

Accepted Answer

The answer of The "top-down" attitude leads people to feel...

Question 18

The term defined as "behavior directed toward keeping a current state of health" is:
A) Health promotion
B) Health promotion behavior
C) Health maintenance behavior
D) Health protective behavior

Accepted Answer

Health maintenance behavior refers to actions and attitudes meant to keep one's health at its current state, preventing illness or injury from occurring. Health promotion (A) generally involves more active efforts to improve overall health and well-being, such as engaging in exercise or eating a healthy diet. Health promotion behavior (B) is a similar term but can refer to specific actions taken in pursuit of health promotion, such as getting a flu shot or practicing safe sex. Health protective behavior (D) also overlaps with the other terms but specifically refers to actions taken to avoid or minimize potential health threats, such as wearing sunscreen or avoiding smoking.

Question 19

According to Leavell and Clark, primary prevention consists of two components. They are:
A) Health promotion and rehabilitation
B) Health promotion and specific protection
C) Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
D) Health maintenance and early diagnosis

Accepted Answer

Leavell and Clark's primary prevention consists of two components: health promotion and specific protection. Health promotion involves educating individuals on lifestyle changes and healthy behaviors to prevent the onset of disease. Specific protection involves vaccinations and other measures to protect against specific diseases. Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe the components of primary prevention according to Leavell and Clark.

Question 20

The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services is based on a review of scientific evidence on 169 preventive services for 60 target conditions. This guide provides:
A) The most recent recommendations for preventive interventions including screening tests.
B) Assistance in interpreting Healthy People
2010.
C) Community health nurses with a basis for their practice.
D) Health risk appraisal instruments.

Accepted Answer

The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services provides the most recent recommendations for preventive interventions, including screening tests, based on a review of scientific evidence.

Quiz 14: Integrating Multilevel Approaches to Promote Community Health

When applying the integrative model for community health promotion, a nurse assesses the community for accessibility and adequacy of care to provide treatment for medical conditions. What focus does this describe?

The pathogenic approach directs nurses towards:

Screening school-age children for hearing deficits is an example of:

According to Anderson and McFarlane's model, a community health assessment must include:

The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services is a guide for:

Laffrey, Loveland-Cherry, and Winkler describe two paradigms from which the key concepts of nursing science can be viewed. The health paradigm includes:

Which of the following statements best describes health risk appraisal and risk reduction?

Community health nurses have long recognized the need to shift the emphasis of health care from illness to wellness. The biomedical model:

The multilevel emphasis from individual to population is important because health behaviors have multiple determinants both internal and external to the individual. If an adolescent decides not to smoke because cigarette machines were banned in town, what determinant does this describe?

A 5-feet, 6-inch, 25-year-old female who weighs 120 pounds walks 5 miles a day because she has a long family history of early death from heart attacks and is refraining from a sedentary lifestyle. Which of the following best describes this example?

A woman has attended a weight reduction program for a year and lost 75 pounds. She now attends weekly meetings to keep the weight off. Which of the following best describes this example?

Health perspectives have varied over time. In the ancient Greek view:

A method used to promote smoking reduction program in an identified aggregate is:

A 5-feet, 6-inch, 25-year-old woman who weighs 120 pounds runs 5 miles a day because it improves her mood and energy level. Which of the following best describes this example?

Despite increased interest in healthy lifestyles, modifiable health-related behaviors are the major contributors to death in the United States. Some examples of modifiable behaviors are:

The integrative model of Laffrey and Kulbok includes two major dimensions: client system and focus of care. The client system:

The "top-down" attitude leads people to feel they have no power or control. This implies:

The term defined as "behavior directed toward keeping a current state of health" is:

According to Leavell and Clark, primary prevention consists of two components. They are:

The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services is based on a review of scientific evidence on 169 preventive services for 60 target conditions. This guide provides: