Question 1

According to the elaboration likelihood model, the ______ route recruits active, careful thinking about the true merits of the message arguments, and therefore resembles the ______ route proposed by Chaiken's heuristic-systematic model.
A) Peripheral, systematic
B) Peripheral, heuristic
C) Central, heuristic
D) Central, systematic

Accepted Answer

According to the elaboration likelihood model, the central route involves active, careful thinking about the message arguments, and therefore resembles the systematic route proposed by Chaiken's heuristic-systematic model. The peripheral route, on the other hand, involves more heuristic processing based on superficial cues. Therefore, the best choice is D, which describes the central route as systematic.

Question 2

According to the heuristic-systematic model, which of the following is required for people to engage in systematic processing?
A) Motivation
B) Stimulus
C) Cognitive capacity
D) Both A and C

Accepted Answer

A

Question 3

The view of an attitude as an association in memory between an object and one's evaluation of it best describes which of the following?
A) The MODE model
B) The attitude accessibility model
C) The attitudinal recall model
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The attitude accessibility model proposes that attitudes are stored in memory as associations between an object and one's evaluation of it. This means that the accessibility of an attitude depends on how easily this association can be retrieved from memory.

Question 4

Which type of involvement implies that a person is primarily interested with the consequences of a particular response?
A) Response involvement
B) Task involvement
C) Ego involvement
D) Vested interest

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which type of involvement implies that a...

Question 5

A "need for cognition" is best characterized as which of the following?
A) An individual difference measure referring to chronic thoughtfulness
B) The degree to which a person typically engages in and enjoys cognitive endeavors
C) An individual difference that is related to individuals' lower likelihood of using heuristic processes to evaluate arguments
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

A need for cognition refers to a person's tendency to engage in and enjoy cognitive activity, as well as their likelihood of using systematic processing rather than relying on heuristics. It is a measure of an individual difference that reflects chronic thoughtfulness in cognitive endeavors. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 6

Assuming a professor is making strong arguments, which of the following is most likely to increase the degree to which students agree with the message?
A) If the argument is easy to understand
B) If the argument is complicated
C) If the argument is conveyed in a lively tone
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

If the argument is easy to understand, students are more likely to comprehend and agree with the message being conveyed.

Question 7

Which of the following does message repetition effects illustrate about the elaboration likelihood model?
A) The importance of whether a recipient is actively thinking, and if so, whether those thoughts are pro or con
B) The possibilities for nonconscious mediation in the various peripheral routes in contrast to conscious cognitive mediation in the central route
C) The role of the elaboration likelihood model as a well-specified theory that solves old puzzles in new ways
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Message repetition effects illustrate all the mentioned aspects of the elaboration likelihood model: the importance of the recipient's cognitive engagement (A), the role of nonconscious and peripheral processing (B), and the model's contribution to understanding persuasion in novel ways (C).

Question 8

Which of the following would be most likely to influence a perceiver to process new information systematically?
A) Defensive motives
B) A person discovering that he or she disagrees with the majority
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Both defensive motives and discovering disagreement with the majority can lead a perceiver to engage in more systematic processing of new information. Defensive motives can trigger a deeper evaluation to protect one's beliefs or attitudes, while discovering disagreement with the majority may prompt a person to carefully scrutinize the new information to understand the discrepancy or to form a counterargument.

Question 9

Under which of the following conditions is argument difficulty most likely to have an impact on the degree to which a perceiver mentally supports or counter-argues a presented argument?
A) When the perceiver is not involved in the material or outcome
B) When the perceiver is moderately involved in the material or outcome
C) When the perceiver is highly involved in the material or outcome
D) None of the above - message difficulty will have similar effects in all cases

Accepted Answer

When the perceiver is moderately involved in the material or outcome, they are likely to engage more deeply with the argument, making the difficulty of the argument more impactful on their mental support or counter-arguments. High involvement might lead to a predetermined stance, reducing the impact of argument difficulty, while low involvement might result in minimal engagement regardless of difficulty.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes methodology used by the elaboration likelihood research program in assessing elaboration?
A) Manipulate argument quality and situational variable posited to affect elaboration, then measure cognitive responses and attitude change
B) No manipulation of the message, but focus on cognitive response analysis
C) Manipulate argument quality, and then measure cognitive responses and attitude change
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The elaboration likelihood research program manipulates argument quality and situational variable believed to impact elaboration, and then measures cognitive responses and attitude change. This is done to assess the degree of elaboration that occurs in response to persuasive messages.

Question 11

When an individual is not particularly invested in an issue or outcome, which of the following is the most likely effect of having a counter-attitudinal persuasive message be delivered by a highly-qualified expert as opposed to a lay person?
A) The message will be more persuasive
B) The individual will be more defensive and resistant to the message
C) The individual will pay more attention to the argument and process the message more carefully
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

When an individual is not particularly invested in an issue or outcome, the source of the message becomes more important than the message itself. A highly-qualified expert is perceived as having more credibility and expertise, making their message more persuasive. This effect is known as the source credibility effect.

Question 12

Imagine a person who is presented with the same written argument ten times. Which of the following is most likely to be a consequence of this repetition?
A) The person is more likely to be persuaded
B) The person is less likely to be persuaded
C) The person is more likely to be persuaded, but only if the argument was favorably evaluated in the first place
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Repetition of a message can increase persuasion through a process known as the mere exposure effect, where repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a more favorable evaluation of that stimulus over time.

Question 13

Which of the following is most true about the way highly outcome-dependent people evaluate arguments?
A) They tend to evaluate arguments more objectively
B) They tend to evaluate arguments more rapidly
C) They tend to think more when evaluating arguments
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Highly outcome-dependent people tend to think more when evaluating arguments because they are more concerned about the consequences and implications of the arguments, leading to deeper processing.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes something that would involve the central route to persuasion, according to the elaboration likelihood model?
A) Affective responses to repeated exposure and familiarity
B) Multiple factors leading to causal discounting
C) Personal mental projections
D) Personally relevant topic

Accepted Answer

According to the elaboration likelihood model, the central route to persuasion involves careful processing of information and deep consideration of arguments. This is more likely to occur when the topic is personally relevant to the individual, as they will be more motivated to engage in thoughtful analysis and evaluation of the arguments presented.

Question 15

Which of the following is a limitation of the Elaboration Likelihood Model ELM) as described in the chapter?
A) The ELM paints people as less oriented toward validating their attitudes than they may be
B) The ELM is not well suited to the analysis of attitude change mediated by conscious cognitive processes
C) The ELM does not address whether cognitive responses actually cause attitude change or are merely correlated with it
D) The ELM does not allow for biased information processing

Accepted Answer

The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) does not explicitly address whether cognitive responses are the cause of attitude change or if they are simply correlated with it, which is a limitation in understanding the direct impact of cognitive processing on attitude modification.

Question 16

Physical head movements of agreement or disagreement nodding) can increase people's confidence in their own evaluations. This is an example of which of the following?
A) Projection fallacy
B) Embodied cognition
C) Systematic information processing
D) Positive associations

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is an example of embodied cognition, where physical sensations and movements can impact mental processes and decision-making.

Question 17

One of the most comprehensive theories of attitudes and behavior, the theory of reasoned action, later elaborated the theory of planned behavior, stating which of the following?
A) Behaviors are importantly based on people's cognitive beliefs about an attitude object
B) Attitudes are importantly based on people's cognitive beliefs about the attitude object.
C) All of the above
D) None of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the most comprehensive theories of...

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a major qualification of the mere exposure effect?
A) Stimulus is initially unfamiliar
B) Stimulus is initially positive or neutral
C) Stimulus is initially negative
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect refers to the phenomenon where increased exposure to a stimulus results in increased liking or preference for that stimulus. However, this effect pertains only to stimuli that are initially positive or neutral. If the stimulus is initially negative, repeated exposure may actually increase dislike or avoidance. Therefore, option C is not a major qualification of the mere exposure effect.

Question 19

According to the authors, individual differences may promote attitude accessibility as well as situational factors. Which of the following people may have chronically more accessibly attitudes than others?
A) Those with low self-monitoring
B) Those with high self-monitoring
C) Those with a better memory
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Individuals with low self-monitoring tend to be less concerned with social norms and how others perceive them, which may lead to more consistent and accessible attitudes regardless of situational factors. On the other hand, high self-monitoring individuals tend to be more influenced by situational factors and may adjust their attitudes based on social contexts. Memory ability is not necessarily related to attitude accessibility.

Question 20

In the process of persuasive communication, high or low argument quality might cause high or low counterarguing, which in turn could cause attitude change. What would the cognitive mediator be in this process?
A) Argument quality
B) Counterarguing
C) Attitude change
D) This is not a mediated process

Accepted Answer

The cognitive mediator in this process would be counterarguing, as it is the cognitive process of generating arguments against the message being presented.

Quiz 10: Section 1 : Cognitive Processing of Attitudes

According to the elaboration likelihood model, the route recruits active, careful thinking about the true merits of the message arguments, and therefore resembles the route proposed by Chaiken's heuristic-systematic model.

According to the heuristic-systematic model, which of the following is required for people to engage in systematic processing?

The view of an attitude as an association in memory between an object and one's evaluation of it best describes which of the following?

Which type of involvement implies that a person is primarily interested with the consequences of a particular response?

A "need for cognition" is best characterized as which of the following?

Assuming a professor is making strong arguments, which of the following is most likely to increase the degree to which students agree with the message?

Which of the following does message repetition effects illustrate about the elaboration likelihood model?

Which of the following would be most likely to influence a perceiver to process new information systematically?

Under which of the following conditions is argument difficulty most likely to have an impact on the degree to which a perceiver mentally supports or counter-argues a presented argument?

Which of the following best describes methodology used by the elaboration likelihood research program in assessing elaboration?

When an individual is not particularly invested in an issue or outcome, which of the following is the most likely effect of having a counter-attitudinal persuasive message be delivered by a highly-qualified expert as opposed to a lay person?

Imagine a person who is presented with the same written argument ten times. Which of the following is most likely to be a consequence of this repetition?

Which of the following is most true about the way highly outcome-dependent people evaluate arguments?

Which of the following best describes something that would involve the central route to persuasion, according to the elaboration likelihood model?

Which of the following is a limitation of the Elaboration Likelihood Model ELM) as described in the chapter?

Physical head movements of agreement or disagreement nodding) can increase people's confidence in their own evaluations. This is an example of which of the following?

One of the most comprehensive theories of attitudes and behavior, the theory of reasoned action, later elaborated the theory of planned behavior, stating which of the following?

Which of the following is NOT a major qualification of the mere exposure effect?

According to the authors, individual differences may promote attitude accessibility as well as situational factors. Which of the following people may have chronically more accessibly attitudes than others?

In the process of persuasive communication, high or low argument quality might cause high or low counterarguing, which in turn could cause attitude change. What would the cognitive mediator be in this process?