Question 1

The emotional reaction to another's negative emotion or negative situation is referred to as:
A) altruism.
B) conscience.
C) empathy.
D) sympathy.

Accepted Answer

Empathy involves understanding and sharing the feelings of another, including their negative emotions or situations.

Question 2

At what age do children begin to become upset when others are distressed?
A) infancy
B) preschool age
C) elementary school age
D) toddlerhood

Accepted Answer

Children begin to show signs of empathy and become upset when others are distressed during infancy, often as early as the first year of life.

Question 3

The feeling of concern in reaction to another's negative emotion or negative situation is referred to as:
A) altruism.
B) conscience.
C) empathy.
D) sympathy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The feeling of concern in reaction to...

Question 4

Which motivation is NOT a characteristic of altruistic behaviour?
A) generally performed in exchange for social approval
B) inspired by empathy
C) motivated by the desire to behave consistently with one's conscience
D) inspired by sympathy

Accepted Answer

Altruistic behavior is not motivated by the desire for social approval or recognition, but is instead driven by compassion and concern for the welfare of others. It is often performed with no expectation of reward or recognition. B, C, and D are all valid characteristics of altruistic behavior.

Question 5

Judgments that pertain to societal customs are referred to as _____ judgments.
A) social conventional
B) moral
C) personal
D) prosocial

Accepted Answer

Social conventional judgments relate to the social norms and expectations of a particular society or culture. These judgments typically focus on practices and behaviors that are considered appropriate or inappropriate in a given social context. Moral judgments, on the other hand, relate to issues of right and wrong, and are typically based on broader ethical principles. Personal judgments are those that relate to an individual's thoughts, feelings, or experiences, while prosocial judgments relate to actions and behaviors that are intended to benefit others.

Question 6

Which decision would be MOST likely to be considered by people in Western cultures to be a personal judgment?
A) choosing whether or not to wear a tie to a formal restaurant
B) deciding whether to play soccer or baseball after school
C) deciding whether to put one's napkin on one's lap or leave it on the table
D) choosing whether or not to return a $10 bill dropped by a person standing ahead in line

Accepted Answer

In Western cultures, personal judgments often relate to individual preferences and leisure activities, such as choosing which sport to play after school.

Question 7

By what age do children begin to exhibit concern for and try to comfort others without getting upset themselves?
A) 6 to 9 months
B) 18 to 25 months
C) 2 to 2.5 years
D) 3 to 3.5 years

Accepted Answer

By 18 to 25 months, children begin to exhibit concern for others and attempt to comfort them without becoming upset themselves, showing early signs of empathy.

Question 8

Research on the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 suggests that knowing which allele variant an individual has would enable one to predict:
A) the age at which the individual will develop a conscience.
B) whether the individual's conscience development will be negatively affected by low maternal responsiveness.
C) whether the individual attains the highest levels of moral judgment.
D) whether the individual is likely to internalize his or her parents' standards of morality.

Accepted Answer

The SLC6A4 gene has been linked to the production and regulation of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood, behavior, and social functioning. Recent research has found that individuals with the "short" allele variant of the gene are more susceptible to the negative effects of low maternal responsiveness on the development of moral conscience. This suggests that knowing an individual's allele variant could predict whether their conscience development is negatively affected by maternal responsiveness. It is important to note, however, that genetic factors alone cannot determine whether an individual will attain high levels of moral judgment or internalize their parents' standards of morality. Environmental and cultural factors also play a significant role in these processes.

Question 9

A particular allele variant of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 appears to cause children to be:
A) especially reactive to their rearing environment.
B) low in fearfulness.
C) particularly high in moral reasoning.
D) aggressive.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the specific allele variant of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 causes children to be especially reactive to their rearing environment, which can affect their mood, behavior, and even their risk for mental health disorders.

Question 10

The internal regulatory system that increases an individual's ability to conform with socially approved standards of behaviour is referred to as:
A) prosocial behaviour.
B) altruism.
C) consciousness.
D) the conscience.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The internal regulatory system that increases an...

Question 11

Which phrase is NOT regarded as true of a young child's conscience?
A) restrains antisocial impulses
B) reflects self-defined standards
C) promotes prosocial behaviour
D) mirrors parents' beliefs

Accepted Answer

A young child's conscience typically mirrors parents' beliefs and promotes prosocial behavior while restraining antisocial impulses. It does not reflect self-defined standards, as young children are still developing their own moral framework and rely heavily on external guidance.

Question 12

Judgments that pertain to issues of right and wrong are referred to as _____ judgments.
A) social conventional
B) moral
C) personal
D) prosocial

Accepted Answer

Moral judgments pertain to issues of right and wrong and are based on societal norms and values regarding behaviors that are considered acceptable or unacceptable. Social conventional judgments relate to behaviors or customs that are unique to a particular group or culture, while personal judgments refer to decisions regarding personal preferences, likes, and dislikes. Prosocial judgments involve evaluating behaviors that are helpful or beneficial to others.

Question 13

Arnold sees that another child has forgotten his lunch and is crying. Arnold feels like crying. Arnold is MOST likely experiencing:
A) altruism.
B) conscience.
C) empathy.
D) sympathy.

Accepted Answer

Arnold is likely experiencing empathy, which is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. He is feeling sad because he can see the other child's distress. Altruism, conscience, and sympathy may also come into play in this situation, but empathy is the most likely explanation for how Arnold is feeling.

Question 14

Casey hears that her friend has forgotten her homework and is afraid that the teacher is going to yell at her. In response, Casey is concerned for her friend and worries about how her friend is going to handle the situation. Casey is experiencing:
A) altruism.
B) conscience.
C) empathy.
D) sympathy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Casey hears that her friend has forgotten...

Question 15

Which component of social judgment does NOT vary by culture?
A) designation of behaviours as social-conventional, moral, or personal
B) consideration of whether or not attending to the needs of strangers is a moral obligation
C) distinction between social-convention and morality
D) importance accorded to social judgements

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which component of social judgment does NOT...

Question 16

Which statement about children's beliefs about the domains of social judgment is TRUE?
A) Children generally believe that moral violations are still wrong even if an authority figure does not see them.
B) Children generally believe that social conventional violations are more wrong than moral violations.
C) Young children generally believe that parents have authority over social conventional and personal judgments.
D) Children generally cannot distinguish among personal, moral, and social conventional judgments until late elementary school.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that even young children have a developed sense of morality and believe that moral violations are wrong regardless of whether an authority figure is present or not.

Question 17

The tendency for individuals of low socioeconomic status in the United States and Brazil to allow children less autonomy than do middle-class individuals may be a factor in which socioeconomic status difference in social judgment?
A) Children from lower-income families are more likely to differentiate sharply between issues of morality and issues of social convention.
B) Children from middle-income families are more likely to believe issues of personal judgment are also issues of morality.
C) Children from lower-income families are less likely to view personal issues as a matter of choice.
D) The tendency is a factor in none of these.

Accepted Answer

The passage suggests that individuals of low socioeconomic status in the United States and Brazil tend to allow children less autonomy, meaning that they are less likely to view personal issues as a matter of choice. This supports answer choice C. The passage does not provide information to support answers A or B. Answer D is incorrect because the passage specifically links the tendency to allow children less autonomy with socioeconomic status differences in social judgment.

Question 18

Which emotion at age 22 months predicts morality at age 54 months?
A) fear
B) guilt
C) sadness
D) joy

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that toddlers who display guilt at around 22 months old tend to exhibit stronger moral tendencies later on in childhood. This is likely because feeling guilty when they have done something wrong shows that they have the capacity for empathy and understanding of how their actions affect others.

Question 19

Altruistic motives include:
A) obtaining rewards.
B) gaining social approval.
C) being consistent with one's moral principles.
D) cultural expectations.

Accepted Answer

Altruistic motives refer to actions that are driven by a selfless concern for the well-being of others. These motives are not influenced by obtaining rewards, gaining social approval or cultural expectations. Instead, individuals who act based on altruistic motives are consistent with their moral principles and have a genuine desire to help others without any expectation of personal gain.

Question 20

Which statement about preschool children's prosocial behaviour is TRUE?
A) Preschool children almost never engage in prosocial behaviour without explicit instruction from adults.
B) The prosocial behaviour of preschoolers is unassociated with their later behaviour.
C) Prosocial behaviour in preschoolers is generally associated with decreased altruism in adulthood, as prosocial preschoolers tend to rebel against their parents' expectations in adolescence.
D) Children who spontaneously engage in prosocial behaviour tend to be more concerned with others' needs throughout childhood and adolescence than are their peers.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children who engage in spontaneous prosocial behaviour at a young age are more likely to continue displaying prosocial behaviour throughout childhood and adolescence. They are also more likely to develop greater concern for others' needs as they grow older.

Quiz 14: Moral Development

The emotional reaction to another's negative emotion or negative situation is referred to as:

At what age do children begin to become upset when others are distressed?

The feeling of concern in reaction to another's negative emotion or negative situation is referred to as:

Which motivation is NOT a characteristic of altruistic behaviour?

Judgments that pertain to societal customs are referred to as _____ judgments.

Which decision would be MOST likely to be considered by people in Western cultures to be a personal judgment?

By what age do children begin to exhibit concern for and try to comfort others without getting upset themselves?

Research on the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 suggests that knowing which allele variant an individual has would enable one to predict:

A particular allele variant of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 appears to cause children to be:

The internal regulatory system that increases an individual's ability to conform with socially approved standards of behaviour is referred to as:

Which phrase is NOT regarded as true of a young child's conscience?

Judgments that pertain to issues of right and wrong are referred to as _____ judgments.

Arnold sees that another child has forgotten his lunch and is crying. Arnold feels like crying. Arnold is MOST likely experiencing:

Casey hears that her friend has forgotten her homework and is afraid that the teacher is going to yell at her. In response, Casey is concerned for her friend and worries about how her friend is going to handle the situation. Casey is experiencing:

Which component of social judgment does NOT vary by culture?

Which statement about children's beliefs about the domains of social judgment is TRUE?

The tendency for individuals of low socioeconomic status in the United States and Brazil to allow children less autonomy than do middle-class individuals may be a factor in which socioeconomic status difference in social judgment?

Which emotion at age 22 months predicts morality at age 54 months?

Altruistic motives include:

Which statement about preschool children's prosocial behaviour is TRUE?