Question 1

Which statement about how parents behave toward attractive and unattractive infants is true?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that parents tend to be more affectionate and attentive to infants they perceive as more attractive.

Question 2

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviours because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviours because of their own behaviour is _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The influence that children have on their...

Question 3

Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most in which type of family?

Accepted Answer

Psychological control is often reported more in relatively poor families due to stressors associated with financial instability, which can lead to more controlling parenting behaviors.

Question 4

Research has suggested which assertion in regard to the effect of parenting style for Chinese and Chinese-American children?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has suggested which assertion in regard...

Question 5

The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviours and hostile adolescent behaviours results in:

Accepted Answer

The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviours and hostile adolescent behaviours tends to fuel an escalation of these behaviours, leading to a vicious cycle of negative interactions that can be hard to break.

Question 6

Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity?

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parents are strict and expect obedience, leading to children who may be low in social and academic competence, unhappy, and unfriendly, but they often have self-control due to the structured environment.

Question 7

For Chinese-American and Chinese children, which parenting practice(s) is(are) related to negative outcomes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of For Chinese-American and Chinese children, which parenting...

Question 8

SES refers to:

Accepted Answer

SES refers to socioeconomic status, which is a measure of an individual's or family's economic and social position based on income, education, and occupation.

Question 9

Compared to low-SES parents, higher-SES parents:

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that higher-SES parents tend to communicate with their children more frequently and in a more elaborative way, which prompts children to respond with more talk. This can lead to increased language development and higher academic achievement. Higher-SES parents are also more likely to provide their children with opportunities for enriching experiences and extracurricular activities. However, there is no evidence to suggest that they are more punitive or authoritarian, or that they encourage conformity to a greater degree.

Question 10

In Western cultures, higher-SES parents tend to be _____ authoritative than lower-SES parents, and this difference is _____ in non-Western cultures.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that higher-SES parents in Western cultures tend to be more authoritative than lower-SES parents. However, there is more variability and a weaker relationship between SES and parenting style in non-Western cultures. Therefore, the difference in parenting style between higher-SES and lower-SES parents is similar in non-Western cultures.

Question 11

Which statement about children's characteristics and behaviour and the parenting process is true?

Accepted Answer

Children's characteristics and behaviour can have a substantial influence on the parenting process. Factors such as the child's temperament, personality, and developmental stage can all impact how parents interact with and respond to their child. Additionally, children's behaviour can shape parents' attitudes and beliefs about parenting, as well as their strategies for managing challenging behaviour. Therefore, it is important for parents to be aware of their child's unique characteristics and adjust their parenting approach accordingly.

Question 12

In a cross-cultural study of parenting style, high levels of warmth and high levels of control were found to occur together in all of these families EXCEPT in _____ families.

Accepted Answer

European-American families are often characterized by a parenting style that emphasizes warmth but with lower levels of control compared to other cultures.

Question 13

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is true?

Accepted Answer

There is evidence to suggest that the meaning of discipline and control can differ across cultures, and this can impact how the authoritarian parenting style is perceived and the effects it has on children. For example, in collectivistic cultures, authoritarian parenting may be more acceptable and may not have the negative effects observed in individualistic cultures. Additionally, some cultures may define permissive and rejecting-neglecting styles differently, leading to different outcomes for children. While there are similar findings across cultures, there are also important cultural differences to consider when examining the impact of parenting styles on child outcomes. Option A is incorrect because while there are similar findings across cultures, there are also important cultural differences to consider. Option B is incorrect because it only focuses on two of the four parenting styles and doesn't consider cultural differences in how these styles are defined. Option D is incorrect because parenting styles have been examined in many cultures, not just Canada.

Question 14

Parents who are low in support and low in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

Accepted Answer

The rejecting-neglecting parenting style is characterized by parents who are low in both support and control. They are disengaged, uninvolved, and indifferent to their children's needs, behaviors, and outcomes, and they provide minimal supervision, guidance, and affection. This parenting style is associated with the poorest developmental outcomes for children, including low self-esteem, poor academic achievement, risky behavior, and mental health problems.

Question 15

Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in North America may be a result of differences in:

Accepted Answer

Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in North America may be a result of the motives common in different environments. For example, cultural belief systems (e.g., collectivism versus individualism), economic status, and other social and environmental factors may all influence parenting practices. Differences in parenting styles may also reflect different goals that parents have for their children (e.g., academic success versus social competence) or different beliefs about the value of obedience and respect. Therefore, it is likely that ethnic differences in parenting styles are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, but the motives common in different environments may be the most salient factor. Factors such as parental skills and child behavior are also important elements of parenting, but they are likely to be influenced by the motives common in different environments as well.

Question 16

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence, including promiscuous sexual behaviour, substance abuse, and depression?

Accepted Answer

Children of rejecting-neglecting parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants, and this can lead to a wide range of problems in adolescence, including promiscuous sexual behaviour, substance abuse, and depression. Rejection and neglect can cause children to feel unwanted and unloved, leading to difficulties in forming relationships and unhealthy coping mechanisms. On the other hand, permissive parents may struggle with boundaries and consequences, authoritarian parents may be too strict and controlling, and authoritative parents are typically supportive and nurturing, leading to positive outcomes for their children.

Question 17

Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that all of these factors differ across cultures and subcultures EXCEPT the:

Accepted Answer

The dimensions that define parenting styles, such as warmth and control, are generally consistent across cultures, even though the prevalence, meaning, and outcomes of these styles may vary.

Question 18

Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years old, 8 years old, and 12 years old. Which finding would be the BEST support for the bidirectional influence of these variables?

Accepted Answer

This finding supports bidirectional influence because it suggests that not only does parental use of punitive discipline affect a child's aggression, but a child's aggression can also influence parents to use more punitive discipline. This bidirectional influence is seen across multiple time points (age 4, 8, and 12) which increases the validity of the finding. Choices A, C, and D all show a unidirectional influence which does not fully support bidirectional influence.

Question 19

Which characteristic is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?

Accepted Answer

Appearance is not an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process, as it is not a behaviour or action within the child's control that can influence their parents' behaviour.

Question 20

Which action is an example of psychological control?

Accepted Answer

Discounting children's feelings is an example of psychological control because it involves manipulating or invalidating the child's emotional experiences, which can affect their emotional development and self-esteem.

Quiz 12: Section 2: The Family