Question 1

A recent review of 34 studies revealed that sharp increases in the incidence of insecure attachments were most closely associated with

Accepted Answer

The answer of A recent review of 34 studies revealed...

Question 2

Critics of Ainsworth's attachment theory (for example, Jerome Kagan) believe that the "Strange Situation" really measures individual differences in _____ rather than the quality of infant attachments.

Accepted Answer

Critics such as Jerome Kagan argue that individual differences in infant temperament, such as levels of activity and response to novelty, may actually influence how infants behave in the Strange Situation rather than the quality of their attachment to their caregiver. Therefore, the test may not be a pure measure of attachment.

Question 3

According to Kagan's temperament hypothesis, an infant who has a difficult temperament is most likely to form _____ attachments.

Accepted Answer

According to Kagan's temperament hypothesis, infants with difficult temperaments are more likely to form resistant attachments with their caregivers. This is because these infants may be more sensitive to stress and prone to negative emotions, causing them to be more clingy and demanding towards their caregiver.

Question 4

Behavioral genetic studies of the similarity of attachment classifications displayed by identical and fraternal twins imply that _____ .

Accepted Answer

Behavioral genetic studies often show that shared environmental influences, such as the caregiving environment, play a significant role in the attachment classifications of twins, rather than genetic factors alone.

Question 5

Caregivers may find it relatively easy to be sensitive and responsive toward their baby if

Accepted Answer

None of these scenarios necessarily make it easy for a caregiver to be sensitive and responsive toward their baby. Clinically depressed individuals may struggle to be responsive and present for their baby, past experiences of rejection may make it harder for individuals to know how to parent, and unplanned pregnancies can create stress and anxiety around the new responsibilities of parenthood. Ultimately, being a sensitive and responsive caregiver requires a range of skills and support, and is not necessarily determined by any of these specific circumstances.

Question 6

When insensitive caregivers receive social support and tips on sensitive parenting

Accepted Answer

Social support and tips on sensitive parenting can help insensitive caregivers improve their parenting style and become more responsive to their children's needs. As a result, children may become more inclined to establish and maintain secure attachments with their caregiver, leading to better emotional development and overall well-being.

Question 7

Unwanted Czechoslovakian children in one longitudinal study showed many developmental impairments largely because

Accepted Answer

Unwanted children often face developmental impairments due to a lack of parental investment in their upbringing, reflecting a diminished interest in fostering their development.

Question 8

Among the caregiver characteristics that increase the likelihood that infants will form insecure attachments are

Accepted Answer

Clinical depression can make it difficult for a caregiver to respond sensitively to their infant's needs, leading to insecure attachment. Neglect in childhood may lead to difficulty forming healthy attachments as an adult, which can impact the caregiver-infant relationship. Having a negative attitude toward pregnancy can also lead to feelings of ambivalence or detachment toward the infant, which can affect the quality of caregiving and lead to insecure attachment. Therefore, all of these caregiver characteristics can increase the likelihood that an infant will form insecure attachments.

Question 9

One study of Czechoslovakian children whose mothers had unplanned, unwanted pregnancies found that, compared to children who had been "wanted," these "unwanted" children

Accepted Answer

The study found that children from unplanned, unwanted pregnancies showed developmental impairments not just during their school years but extending into adulthood, indicating long-term negative impacts.

Question 10

Recent research on the interplay between caregiving, infant temperament, and attachments reveals that

Accepted Answer

Recent research shows that both the quality of caregiving and the infant's temperament play important roles in determining whether an infant's attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure. Additionally, infant temperament is a strong predictor of the specific type of insecurity that infants with insecure attachments display. Therefore, option D is the correct choice as it combines both factors.

Question 11

Which of the following caregiver characteristics is least likely to interfere with the attachment process?

Accepted Answer

A warm and supportive relationship with one's spouse is least likely to interfere with the attachment process. The other three options could all potentially interfere with a caregiver's ability to form a secure attachment with their child. Being clinically depressed can affect a caregiver's ability to respond sensitively to their child's needs, while having a child as a result of an unplanned pregnancy may lead to feelings of ambivalence or resentment towards the child. Having been abused or neglected as a child can also impact a caregiver's ability to form healthy attachments as an adult.

Question 12

Which of the following observations would Kagan's temperament hypothesis find difficult to explain?

Accepted Answer

Kagan's temperament hypothesis suggests that a child's temperament is a significant factor in the development of attachment styles. However, both observations (A and B) present challenges to this hypothesis. Observation A suggests that environmental interventions (like parenting training) can alter the attachment outcomes of infants with difficult temperaments, implying that temperament is not the sole determinant of attachment. Observation B indicates that attachment can vary between parents for the same child, suggesting that factors other than the child's temperament (such as parental behavior or the parent-child interaction) play a crucial role in attachment formation.

Question 13

Irritable, unresponsive infants who are at risk of alienating close companions are likely to continue to experience non-synchronous interactions with their parents

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that parental marital discord is related to non-synchronous interactions between parents and infants. Therefore, infants of unhappily married parents are likely to continue experiencing non-synchronous interactions with their parents, which can lead to risk of alienating close companions. The gender of the infant and whether they are biological or adoptive does not play a significant factor in this context.

Question 14

A poor marital relationship

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that a poor marital relationship often interferes with parents' attachment to their infant. This can be due to factors such as increased stress, lack of emotional support, and conflict between parents, which can all impact the quality of parenting and the relationship with the infant. While some couples may come together to establish synchronous interactions with their infants, this is not always the case and should not be seen as a guarantee for improvement in the marital relationship.

Question 15

When assessed in the Strange Situation, Garrison showed little distress when his mother left the room and avoided her upon reunion. Kagan's temperament hypothesis would expect Garrison to have a _____ temperament.

Accepted Answer

Kagan's temperament hypothesis suggests that children with a slow-to-warm-up temperament may exhibit behaviors like those Garrison showed. They tend to be cautious in new situations and may show little emotion or distress when faced with unfamiliar circumstances, aligning with Garrison's reaction during the Strange Situation assessment.

Question 16

Caregivers who were themselves unloved, neglected, or abused as children

Accepted Answer

The statement given does not provide any evidence or indication that caregivers who were themselves unloved, neglected, or abused as children are more or less likely to be sensitive caregivers or readily establish interactional synchrony with their infants. Therefore, neither option A nor option B can be selected. The correct answer is D, none of these.

Question 17

According to Kagan's temperament hypothesis classified as having _____ attachments.

Accepted Answer

Kagan's temperament hypothesis classifies infants as having either "inhibited" or "uninhibited" temperaments. Infants with an inhibited temperament tend to be more fearful and have a higher chance of developing a resistant attachment style, while infants with an uninhibited temperament tend to be more outgoing and have a higher chance of developing an avoidant attachment style. Therefore, the best choice is C, as it is the only option that includes one of each attachment style that would correspond with Kagan's temperament classifications.

Question 18

In summarizing the literature on the contribution of infant temperament and maternal caregiving to the quality of infant attachments, it appears that

Accepted Answer

The literature suggests that secure attachments develop when there is a good fit between the caregiving an infant receives and his or her temperament. This means that both infant temperament and maternal caregiving are important in contributing to the quality of infant attachments. While maternal caregiving is important, it is not the sole determinant of attachment quality. Infants with difficult temperaments may require different types of caregiving than infants with more easygoing temperaments, and mothers who are responsive to their infants' unique needs are more likely to develop secure attachments with their infants. In addition, while high levels of maternal stimulation can be beneficial, they are not the only factor contributing to secure attachment development.

Question 19

When caregivers are clinically depressed

Accepted Answer

Caregivers who are clinically depressed are at risk of providing inconsistent and unresponsive caregiving, which can lead to insecure attachment in their children. Children of depressed caregivers may develop avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized attachment patterns, depending on the severity and duration of the depression and other contextual factors. However, not all children of depressed caregivers develop insecure attachment, and there may be other factors that buffer the negative effects of depression on attachment formation. Therefore, it is important to consider individual and contextual differences when examining the relationship between caregiver depression and infant attachment.

Question 20

_______ is a caregiver attribute or experience that places infants at risk of forming a disorganized/disoriented attachment.

Accepted Answer

All of the choices listed can be caregiver attributes/experiences that have been associated with an increased risk for disorganized/disoriented attachment in infants. Alcohol or drug abuse can lead to inconsistent or neglectful caregiving, grief over loss of a loved one can lead to emotional unavailability or excessive clinging, and playing games that frighten the child can lead to fear and confusion in the child's mind.

Quiz 5: Establishment of Intimate Relationships and Their Implications for Future Development