Question 1

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ .
A)Watson
B)Skinner
C)Thorndike
D)Tolman

Accepted Answer

The concept of latent learning was developed by Edward Tolman.

Question 2

During your very first visit to your campus,you probably needed a map to get around efficiently.However,a little while later you no longer needed the map,because _______ had occurred.
A)classical conditioning
B)cognitive learning
C)instrumental conditioning
D)operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning occurred as the individual developed mental representations and schemas of the campus layout, allowing them to navigate it without a map. Classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and operant conditioning are types of behavioral learning, which would not necessarily explain the individual's ability to navigate the campus without a map.

Question 3

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________.
A)cognitive mapping
B)vicarious learning
C)latent learning
D)insight

Accepted Answer

Insight is the type of learning that involves a sudden realization of a solution to a problem. Choice A, cognitive mapping, refers to the mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Choice B, vicarious learning, is learning through observation of others. Choice C, latent learning, refers to learning that occurs without any reinforcement and is not immediately evident but becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Question 4

What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?
A)insight learning
B)serial enumeration
C)latent learning
D)shaping

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that has taken place but is not immediately demonstrated. It may only become apparent when the individual is motivated to use the knowledge or skills they have acquired.

Question 5

Operant conditioning assumes that:
A)events that follow behavior affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future.
B)one's mental processes (e.g. ,memory and perception)mediate what behaviors one does in a situation.
C)voluntary behaviors are reflexive.
D)one learns by watching others' behavior.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is based on the idea that consequences of a behavior will affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future. Specifically, positive consequences (like rewards) will strengthen a behavior, while negative consequences (like punishment) will weaken it.

Question 6

A key to social learning theory is ____________ .
A)insight learning
B)cognitive mapping
C)latent learning
D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning, also known as modeling or imitation, in shaping behavior. Individuals learn from observing the behavior of others and the consequences that follow their actions. This theory was developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, who argued that this type of learning plays a critical role in the development of personality and behavior.

Question 7

The idea that for classical conditioning to occur,the presentation of the conditioned stimulus must tell you something about whether the unconditioned stimulus is going to occur is called ___________ theory.
A)social learning
B)contingency
C)operant conditioning
D)autonomic conditioning

Accepted Answer

This is known as the contingency theory of classical conditioning. It states that the conditioned stimulus must be presented in a way that allows the organism to predict whether the unconditioned stimulus is going to occur. If this contingency is not present, then classical conditioning will not occur.

Question 8

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.
A)vicarious learning
B)innate learning
C)latent learning
D)insight

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without an immediate change in behavior. It is the process of acquiring information without direct reinforcement or immediate use. The learning may not be apparent until there is an incentive or motivation to display it. Vicarious learning refers to learning that occurs through observation of others. Innate learning refers to behaviors that are determined by genetics and not influenced by experience. Insight refers to a sudden realization or solution to a problem that was not obvious before.

Question 9

Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called _______.
A)modeling
B)shaping
C)negative reinforcement
D)classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior, gradually moving the subject closer to the end goal. This is often done by rewarding partial responses or behaviors that are similar to the target behavior. Modeling involves learning a behavior by observing others perform it. Negative reinforcement involves increasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus, whereas classical conditioning involves creating an association between a stimulus and a response through repeated pairings.

Question 10

Cognitive learning involves:
A)an association between events or phenomena.
B)an association between responses.
C)an association between behavior and its consequences.
D)internal representations of events in the world.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning involves internal representations of events in the world, which includes processing, organizing, and interpreting information in the brain. It is a mental activity that involves perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. While associations between events, responses, and behavior consequences are significant aspects of other types of learning, they are not the primary focus of cognitive learning.

Question 11

In a study on learning,the psychologist conducting the study seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals.She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning.She is studying ___________ .
A)neurophysiological learning
B)primary learning
C)secondary learning
D)cognitive learning

Accepted Answer

The psychologist is studying the inner processes that result in learning, which falls under the category of cognitive learning. Neurophysiological learning would focus more on the biological processes involved in learning, while primary and secondary learning are not commonly used terms in the field of psychology.

Question 12

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called _________ learning.
A)autonomic
B)primary
C)secondary
D)cognitive

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning refers to learning that involves mental processes such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and reasoning, which cannot be directly observed. Autonomic learning refers to learning that occurs unconsciously, such as the conditioning of reflexes, while primary and secondary learning are not commonly used terms in psychology.

Question 13

Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final,terminal behavior is called:
A)positive reinforcement.
B)shaping.
C)positive reinforcers.
D)secondary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are similar or gradually progress towards the final, terminal behavior. Positive reinforcement is a broader term that refers to the addition of a desirable stimulus following a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. Positive reinforcers and secondary reinforcers are specific types of stimuli used in positive reinforcement.

Question 14

Peggy wanted to teach her dog how to roll over.She tried giving him instructions,but it didn't work.She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior,but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled.Finally,she began reinforcing the dog when it made behaviors that more closely resembled rolling over.At last,using _______,she was able to teach the dog to do the trick.
A)shaping
B)positive reinforcement
C)positive reinforcers
D)secondary reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Shaping is the process of reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to the target behavior. In this case, Peggy reinforced behaviors that more closely resembled rolling over until the dog finally learned to do the trick. Positive reinforcement, positive reinforcers, and secondary reinforcers are all types of reinforcement that can be used in shaping, but they do not fully capture the process of reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior.

Question 15

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?
A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)insight learning
D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when we observe other people act and learn from their actions and consequences. It is also known as social learning or modeling.

Question 16

A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called:
A)higher order conditioning.
B)shaping.
C)modeling.
D)response generalization.

Accepted Answer

Shaping is the process of teaching a whole behavior by breaking it down into smaller, achievable parts. These parts are then reinforced until the whole behavior is learned. Higher order conditioning refers to a type of classical conditioning where a new conditioned stimulus is paired with a previously established conditioned stimulus. Modeling involves observing and imitating the behavior of others. Response generalization refers to the tendency for a learned behavior to generalize to other related behaviors.

Question 17

Social learning theory's foremost proponent is __________ .
A)Watson
B)Thorndike
C)Skinner
D)Bandura

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory's foremost proponent is Bandura. Watson, Thorndike, and Skinner were behaviorists who contributed to the development of the field of psychology but did not focus specifically on social learning theory.

Question 18

The process by which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a new (second)stimulus,even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously,is called ___________ .
A)a learning set
B)learned helplessness
C)diffusion
D)blocking

Accepted Answer

The process described is the blocking effect, in which prior conditioning to one stimulus blocks the conditioning to a new stimulus that is presented at the same time. The other choices do not describe this specific phenomenon.

Question 19

In Bandura's classic (1965)study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll,__________ .
A)children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model rewarded
B)children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model punished
C)children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded
D)children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished

Accepted Answer

Bandura's study found that children who saw the model rewarded (i.e. not being punished for their behavior) learned to be more aggressive towards the Bobo doll than children who saw the model punished. This was observed in a subsequent free play situation where the children had the opportunity to interact with the Bobo doll. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 20

The mental image of an area,such as a maze or the floor plan of a building,is called _____________.
A)a Gestalt
B)insight
C)a Skinner response
D)a cognitive map

Accepted Answer

A mental image of an area, such as a maze or floor plan, is referred to as a cognitive map. Gestalt refers to the concept of perception and how we organize and interpret sensory information. Insight refers to sudden realization or understanding. A Skinner response is a behavior or response that is learned through reinforcement or punishment.

Quiz 5: C: Learning

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ .

During your very first visit to your campus,you probably needed a map to get around efficiently.However,a little while later you no longer needed the map,because _______ had occurred.

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________.

What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?

Operant conditioning assumes that:

A key to social learning theory is ____________ .

The idea that for classical conditioning to occur,the presentation of the conditioned stimulus must tell you something about whether the unconditioned stimulus is going to occur is called ___________ theory.

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.

Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called _______.

Cognitive learning involves:

In a study on learning,the psychologist conducting the study seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals.She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning.She is studying ___________ .

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called _________ learning.

Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final,terminal behavior is called:

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?

A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called:

Social learning theory's foremost proponent is __________ .

The process by which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a new (second) stimulus,even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously,is called ___________ .

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll,__________ .

The mental image of an area,such as a maze or the floor plan of a building,is called _____________.