Question 1

If you are presented with a series of photos and asked to select the photos of only those people who were in your high school graduating class, this task would primarily involve:
A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) functional subordination

Accepted Answer

Recognition refers to the ability to correctly identify objects or situations previously experienced when they appear again.

Question 2

One way of describing Piaget's and Vygotsky's views of childhood would be to note that Piaget saw children as ___________ whereas Vygotsky saw them as ____________.
A) competent; incompetent
B) little scientists; apprentices
C) egocentric; sociocentric
D) preoperational; postoperational

Accepted Answer

Piaget viewed children as "little scientists," learning through interactions with their physical environment. According to Vygotsky, children's thinking and social skills develop by participating in activities that are slightly beyond their competence, provided they are given the assistance of others who are more skilled and knowledgeable. In other words, Vygotsky saw children as learning through apprenticeships with more skilled others.

Question 3

Dr. Larsen states that he likes to give his students just enough "hints" so that they can figure out how to solve a difficult problem with a minimum of guidance. Dr. Larsen's approach best demonstrates the concept of:
A) automaticity
B) symbolic representation
C) conservation
D) scaffolding

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding refers to the progressive structuring of tasks by parents or others so that the level of task difficulty is appropriate.

Question 4

The difference between the child's actual developmental level and that child's potential level of development if guided by adults or older peers is called the:
A) intelligence quotient
B) intellectual gap
C) zone of potential development
D) zone of proximal development

Accepted Answer

The difference between a child's actual developmental level and their potential developmental level with guidance or assistance from adults or more skilled peers is known as the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is an essential concept in Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development. It emphasizes the role of social interaction and guidance in helping children develop higher-order thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, option D, zone of proximal development, is the best choice.

Question 5

According to the text, memory processes reach nearly adult capabilities by about what age?
A) age 2 years
B) age 5 years
C) age 7 years
D) age 10 years

Accepted Answer

According to the text, memory processes reach nearly adult capabilities by about age 7 years.

Question 6

Rickie can't figure out how to solve a math problem. His teacher gives Rickie a "hint" that helps him think a little differently about the problem, and now he solves it. Rickie's teacher has used a technique best described as:
A) scaffolding
B) proximal development
C) conservation
D) symbolic representation

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding refers to the progressive structuring of tasks by parents or others so that the level of task difficulty is appropriate.

Question 7

Which of the following would define the lowest point in a child's zone of proximal development, according to Vygotsky?
A) the problem is too hard for the child to solve, even with help
B) the child can solve the problem with no help from anyone
C) the child can solve the problem, but only if someone helps with the solution
D) the child can solve the problem without help 50% of the time

Accepted Answer

The lowest point in a child's zone of proximal development is defined by tasks the child can perform independently, without any assistance.

Question 8

According to Lev Vygotsky, the process by which more experienced people transmit cultural information to children is called:
A) conservation
B) synchrony
C) guided participation
D) social referencing

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction in cognitive development. Guided participation refers to the process in which children learn from more experienced members of society through social interactions and participation in culturally meaningful activities.

Question 9

If you gave children a recall test and a recognition test, which group of children would probably perform the best?
A) younger children who had a recall test
B) younger children who had a recognition test
C) older children who had a recall test
D) older children who had a recognition test

Accepted Answer

In one classic study that compared recall versus recognition performance of younger and older children, in the recognition task where many objects were shown only once to children between the ages of 2 and 5, even the youngest children could correctly point to 81% of the objects as having been seen before; the older children recognized 92% of the objects. However, when children between the ages of 2 and 4 were asked to recall objects by naming them, 3-year-olds could name only 22% of the items and 4-year-olds only 40% (W. Schneider & Bjorklund, 1998). Subsequent research also has shown that younger children can be more easily lured away from correct recognitions by misleading questions.

Question 10

Which of the following would define the highest point in a child's zone of proximal development, according to Vygotsky?
A) The problem is too hard for the child to solve, even with help.
B) The child can solve the problem with no help from anyone.
C) The child can solve the problem, but only if someone helps with the solution.
D) The child can solve the problem without help 50% of the time.

Accepted Answer

The highest point in a child's zone of proximal development, according to Vygotsky, is the point at which the child can solve a problem with the help of someone more skilled than themselves, but cannot solve the problem independently. Therefore, choice C is the best answer option. The other options either involve the child not being able to solve the problem at all (A), or being able to solve the problem independently (B and D), which do not fit with Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development.

Question 11

According to the information-processing theory of memory, when a person is actively thinking about a problem, what part of the memory system is at work?
A) the encoding mechanism
B) the short-term memory
C) the long-term memory
D) the synaptic memory

Accepted Answer

The information-processing theory suggests that when a person is actively thinking about a problem, the information is processed in the short-term memory system. This system holds a limited amount of information for a short period of time, while the person works on it. Once the problem is solved or the person stops actively thinking about it, the information may be transferred to the long-term memory system for more permanent storage.

Question 12

According to the information-processing view of memory, human memory operates much like:
A) a television camera
B) a telephone
C) a computer
D) a refrigerator

Accepted Answer

The information-processing view of memory suggests that human memory operates like a computer, with information being encoded, stored, and retrieved. This view emphasizes the role of attention, processing, and retrieval strategies in memory performance. Therefore, the best choice is C - a computer.

Question 13

If you gave children a recall test and a recognition test, which group of children would probably perform the worst?
A) younger children who had a recall test
B) younger children who had a recognition test
C) older children who had a recall test
D) older children who had a recognition test

Accepted Answer

In one classic study that compared recall versus recognition performance of younger and older children, in the recognition task where many objects were shown only once to children between the ages of 2 and 5, even the youngest children could correctly point to 81% of the objects as having been seen before; the older children recognized 92% of the objects. However, when children between the ages of 2 and 4 were asked to recall objects by naming them, 3-year-olds could name only 22% of the items and 4-year-olds only 40% (W. Schneider & Bjorklund, 1998). Subsequent research also has shown that younger children can be more easily lured away from correct recognitions by misleading questions.

Question 14

Generalizing from research presented in the text, which of the following memory strategies would most likely lead a young child to the best recall of a group of common household items?
A) remembering that the items are all stored in the same place (e.g., in the junk drawer)
B) remembering that the items all begin with the same letter (e.g., the letter "b")
C) remembering that the items are all about the same size (e.g., all the size of a baseball)
D) remembering that the items are all used for the same purpose (e.g., that they are all containers that hold things)

Accepted Answer

As noted in the text, learning strategies that do appear to enhance children's ability to remember often involve organizing information according to spatial, rather than concept-related, cues.

Question 15

The best example of a recognition task would be:
A) an essay test question
B) a short-answer test question
C) a multiple-choice test question
D) remembering to write one's name on the top of a test

Accepted Answer

Recognition refers to the ability to correctly identify objects or situations previously experienced when they appear again.

Question 16

The best example of a recognition task would be:
A) remembering what one had from breakfast
B) remembering one's phone number
C) choosing the same tie from the closet that one wore yesterday
D) reciting the Pledge of Allegiance without making a mistake

Accepted Answer

Recognition refers to the ability to correctly identify objects or situations previously experienced when they appear again.

Question 17

In comparison to Piaget's view of cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky's view put more emphasis on:
A) gender differences between boys and girls
B) whether children were raised in one-parent versus two-parent families
C) social factors involved in learning
D) egocentrism

Accepted Answer

As noted in the text, a limitation of Piaget's perspective is its rather narrow focus on the problem-solving aspects of cognitive development. Many contemporary theorists view cognitive developmental processes as also being social in nature, and they emphasize the important ways in which others in the child's environment influence the development of the child's thought processes. According to Vygotsky, children's thinking and social skills develop by participating in activities that are slightly beyond their competence, provided they are given the assistance of others who are more skilled and knowledgeable.

Question 18

When a young child learns to help fold laundry and put clothes away, cultural information is being transmitted. According to Vygotsky's view, this is best considered to be an example of:
A) conservation
B) guided participation
C) social referencing
D) synchrony

Accepted Answer

Most theorists today believe that the child's understanding of the world is embedded in cultural knowledge. All cultures initiate children into activities through guided participation, and such interactions with others provide important information and guidance for children as they develop their cognitive abilities. Vygotsky emphasized that much of children's cognitive growth takes place through guided participation, in what is called the zone of proximal development.

Question 19

If Lark is asked to tell her teacher what she had for breakfast that morning, this task would best be considered an example of:
A) creative recollection
B) recall
C) recognition
D) encoding

Accepted Answer

Recall refers to the ability to retrieve stored information and memories with or without cues or prompts.

Question 20

The best example of a recall task would be:
A) selecting the same type of pizza that you ordered the last time you had pizza
B) answering a multiple choice question like this one
C) looking at a picture and identifying the people who you had met at a party and those who were not there
D) remembering where you parked your car in the parking lot at the shopping center

Accepted Answer

Recall refers to the ability to retrieve stored information and memories with or without cues or prompts.

Quiz 6: Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development

If you are presented with a series of photos and asked to select the photos of only those people who were in your high school graduating class, this task would primarily involve:

One way of describing Piaget's and Vygotsky's views of childhood would be to note that Piaget saw children as _ whereas Vygotsky saw them as __.

Dr. Larsen states that he likes to give his students just enough "hints" so that they can figure out how to solve a difficult problem with a minimum of guidance. Dr. Larsen's approach best demonstrates the concept of:

The difference between the child's actual developmental level and that child's potential level of development if guided by adults or older peers is called the:

According to the text, memory processes reach nearly adult capabilities by about what age?

Rickie can't figure out how to solve a math problem. His teacher gives Rickie a "hint" that helps him think a little differently about the problem, and now he solves it. Rickie's teacher has used a technique best described as:

Which of the following would define the lowest point in a child's zone of proximal development, according to Vygotsky?

According to Lev Vygotsky, the process by which more experienced people transmit cultural information to children is called:

If you gave children a recall test and a recognition test, which group of children would probably perform the best?

Which of the following would define the highest point in a child's zone of proximal development, according to Vygotsky?

According to the information-processing theory of memory, when a person is actively thinking about a problem, what part of the memory system is at work?

According to the information-processing view of memory, human memory operates much like:

If you gave children a recall test and a recognition test, which group of children would probably perform the worst?

Generalizing from research presented in the text, which of the following memory strategies would most likely lead a young child to the best recall of a group of common household items?

The best example of a recognition task would be:

The best example of a recognition task would be:

In comparison to Piaget's view of cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky's view put more emphasis on:

When a young child learns to help fold laundry and put clothes away, cultural information is being transmitted. According to Vygotsky's view, this is best considered to be an example of:

If Lark is asked to tell her teacher what she had for breakfast that morning, this task would best be considered an example of:

The best example of a recall task would be: