Question 1

Suppose that Marty sees a new bicycle he wants and, without giving much thought to how he will pay for it, purchases it on the spot because he "just needs it." Marty's decision process would be best characterized as:

Accepted Answer

"Cold" decision processes are guided by analytic reasoning and logic, whereas "hot" processes involve emotion and intuition.

Question 2

If Melinda's parents wanted her to think about moral judgments at a level higher than she typically uses, their best strategy to encourage her moral development would be to:

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg and his colleagues set up experimental moral education classes for children and adolescents and demonstrated that moral reasoning could be taught. In the classes, Adolescents were presented with a problem and asked to give a solution. If the answer was argued at Stage 4 of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, the discussion leader suggested a Stage 5 rationale to see if the teenager thought it was a good alternative. The students almost always found that slightly more advanced reasoning was more appealing and, through repeated discussions, they sooner or later began to form judgments at higher stages.
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Question 3

According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the rate of teenage obesity in the Unites States today is about __________ it was in the late 1970s.

Accepted Answer

The 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), compiled by the United States National Center for Health Statistics, revealed that nearly 18% of all U.S. teens were obese: In 1976 to 1980 this percentage was only 5%.

Question 4

According to the text, the best way to think about the relationship between most adolescents and their parents is to emphasize the term:

Accepted Answer

Instead of talking about rebellion and the painful separation or alienation of teenagers from their families, many researchers prefer to describe adolescence as a time in which parents and teenagers negotiate new relationships with one another, much as they do with the negotiation of shared goals in the process of coregulation.

Question 5

According to David Elkind, adolescents' assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them is called the:

Accepted Answer

David Elkind coined the term "imaginary audience" to describe the feeling of adolescence that everyone is watching and judging them. This belief contributes to teenagers' self-consciousness and desire to fit in with their peers.

Question 6

Vicki believes that she is constantly being watched and judged by her friends. According to the view advanced by David Elkind, Vicki is experiencing the:

Accepted Answer

Imaginary audience refers to adolescents' assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them.

Question 7

Dr. Larsen argues that the changes in thought that occur as children become adolescents are gradual and subtle. Dr. Larsen's views are ___________ with Piaget's view of cognitive development and are _____________ with the information-processing view.

Accepted Answer

In contrast to Piaget's view of defined stages in cognitive development, theorists who emphasize information-processing skills see the changes associated with the transition from childhood to adolescent thinking as much more gradual, with shifts back and forth between formal operational thought and earlier cognitive modes.

Question 8

According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in 1976-1980 about ___ percent of U. S. teenagers were obese; in 2007-2010 this percentage was ___ percent.

Accepted Answer

According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in 1976-1980 about 5 percent of U.S. teenagers were obese, and in 2007-2010 this percentage was 18 percent. Therefore, the answer is D, with the percentages mentioned in the options matching the corresponding percentages mentioned in the question.

Question 9

Which of the following statements provides the clearest example of second-order thinking?

Accepted Answer

Second-order thinking involves thinking about one's thoughts, looking for links between relationships, and maneuvering between reality and possibility.

Question 10

Adolescents' feeling that they are special and invulnerable and exempt from the laws that control the destinies of ordinary people is called the:

Accepted Answer

The feeling that adolescents have that they are special and immune to the rules that govern the fate of regular people is known as the "personal fable." Adolescents may believe that they are "invulnerable" to dangers and risks that would harm others, and they may feel like they are the only ones experiencing strong emotions or unique experiences. The personal fable is a common aspect of adolescent development, but it can also lead to risky behaviors and unrealistic expectations.

Question 11

The Iowa Gambling Task is a game invented to detect:

Accepted Answer

The Iowa Gambling Task is a game designed to detect "hot" decision processes, which refer to decision-making that involves emotion, risk-taking, and reward-seeking. The game involves choosing cards from four decks, each with different levels of gains and losses, and the goal is to earn as much money as possible. The game requires participants to make decisions based on long-term outcomes rather than immediate rewards.

Question 12

Stan has become critical of his parents as he contrasts his ideal parents with the real parents he sees on a daily basis. His ability to understand contrary-to-fact situations is a characteristic that emerges during which of Piaget's periods of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A key characteristic of formal operational thinking involves the manipulation not only of known, verifiable events but also of the things that are contrary to fact.

Question 13

If they were playing the Iowa Gambling Task games, you would expect which group or groups to adopt the riskiest strategies?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents tend to take more risks in general and have been found to exhibit riskier strategies in the Iowa Gambling Task games compared to adults and children.

Question 14

Joshua's friends tease him because he always tries to conform his behavior to what he believes his friends are doing. In this sense, the stage of moral development that most likely characterizes his behavior would be:

Accepted Answer

The conventional level of moral development is based in large part on conformity to social expectations and stereotypes.

Question 15

Fearing womanhood, Dana stops eating, thereby halting her body's development. She is obsessed by thoughts of food and an unattainable image of "perfect" thinness. What is her disorder?

Accepted Answer

In anorexia nervosa, individuals silently starve themselves. In bulimia nervosa, on the other hand, individuals find themselves in a cycle of bingeing and purging.

Question 16

On Nicole's first day of junior high school, she felt that all the students were scrutinizing every move she made. According to the view advanced by David Elkind, Nicole has created a(n)

Accepted Answer

Imaginary audience refers to adolescents' assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them.

Question 17

Both the imaginary audience and the personal fable emphasize that adolescence is a period of the lifespan in which individuals are overly concerned about themselves. The overarching term that best describes this "self-preoccupation" is:

Accepted Answer

The self-absorption that typifies adolescence is an example of what the text refers to as adolescent egocentrism. This egocentric view leads them to believe that others are fascinated by them and that others will be as approving or critical of them as they are themselves. Both of these are egocentric orientations, and they underlie the basic ideas expressed by David Elkind as the imaginary audience and the personal fable.

Question 18

Even though John has seen other people get into car accidents, he does not believe that such an accident will ever happen to himself. John's perception of personal invulnerability is best considered to be an example of:

Accepted Answer

Personal fable refers to adolescents' belief that they are so special that they should be exempt from the laws of nature, that nothing bad can happen to them, and that they will live forever.

Question 19

Suppose that Derrell is trying to decide whether he should buy a used car. He logically considers all of the advantages and disadvantages and comes to a carefully-reasoned decision. The decision process Derrell used would be considered:

Accepted Answer