Question 1

The discussion of metacognition in elderly adults suggests that

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that while there may be some decline in certain specific metacognitive skills such as memory monitoring, overall young and elderly adults are similar in their metacognitive abilities. Additionally, research has shown that older adults tend to rely on more effective memory strategies, indicating that they may still be able to compensate for any declines in metacognitive abilities.

Question 2

According to research by Walker-Andrews,the understanding that facial expression must correspond with vocal intonation is present at the age of

Accepted Answer

Research by Walker-Andrews has found that infants as young as 7 months old have the ability to match facial expressions with vocal intonation. Therefore, the correct answer is A) 7 months. The other options (B) 3 days, (C) 2 years, and (D) 5 years) are not supported by the research.

Question 3

Young Jamie tells his mother,"Doggy runned away from me." The use of "runned" is an example of

Accepted Answer

The use of "runned" instead of "ran" is an example of overregularization, which is a common mistake made by young children when they apply regular linguistic rules to irregular verbs.

Question 4

Chapter 13 discusses research by McDonough and Mandler,in which 9-month-olds showed that they knew that animals drink,whereas vehicles can carry people.This research suggests that babies

Accepted Answer

The research by McDonough and Mandler suggests that babies appreciate semantic concepts, specifically that animals drink and vehicles carry people. This indicates that babies have some understanding of the semantic meaning behind words, rather than simply recognizing grammatical structures or becoming accustomed to certain stimuli through habituation.

Question 5

The research on infants' speech perception suggests that

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that infants can perceive the differences between similar phonemes shortly after birth or during the first weeks of life. This ability is significant because it allows them to acquire language and recognize speech patterns. There is also evidence that infants can discriminate between phonemes in different languages, indicating that this skill is not language-specific. However, their ability to perceive phoneme similarities and differences continues to develop throughout infancy and childhood.

Question 6

Suppose that a child uses the word baby to refer to toddlers and older children as well as infants.This would be an example of

Accepted Answer

Overextension is the tendency of young children to use a word to refer to a broader set of objects or events than adults do. In this case, the child is extending the meaning of the word "baby" to include toddlers and older children, which is an example of overextension.

Question 7

Younger infants are actually more skilled than older infants and adults in

Accepted Answer

Younger infants have a heightened ability to distinguish speech sounds in unfamiliar languages, a skill that diminishes as they age and become more attuned to the sounds of their native language.

Question 8

According to the discussion of child-directed speech,

Accepted Answer

The discussion of child-directed speech suggests that adults who use this style of communication tend to make language acquisition easier for children. This is because child-directed speech typically involves simplified language, repetition, and exaggerated intonation, which can help children better understand and process language.

Question 9

A father says to his son,"Go over to the chair and get my overcoat." (The overcoat is the only item on the chair.)The next day,the son talks about his daddy's overcoat; apparently he has already learned this new word.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of fast mapping, which refers to the ability of young children to learn and remember new words quickly after a single exposure to them. The son only heard the word "overcoat" once but was able to immediately understand its meaning and use it the next day. The other options do not accurately describe this scenario. Pragmatics refers to the social context in which language is used, habituation refers to a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, and overextension refers to the tendency to apply a word too broadly to many different objects.

Question 10

Chapter 13 discusses elderly people's awareness of memory problems.According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

The chapter explains that the stereotype about forgetfulness in late adulthood may lead elderly adults to believe that cognitive decline is unavoidable, which would be a factor in their awareness of memory problems. Option A is incorrect as people with high memory self-efficacy believe they can do things to prevent memory problems. Option B is incorrect as dementia is a medical condition that impairs memory rather than enhances it. Option C is incorrect as the chapter suggests that awareness of memory problems can lead to the development of memory strategies.

Question 11

Chapter 13 discussed research about whether 12-18-month-old children can learn language by watching a DVD.The DVD shows a household object,while a voiceover says the object's name.According to the results,children learned significantly more words

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that children learn significantly more words when a parent teaches them directly compared to when they learn from a video.

Question 12

According to the research on infant speech perception,

Accepted Answer

By around 5 months, infants show a preference for their own name, indicating early recognition and response to familiar sounds.

Question 13

If children follow Marcus's "rule-and-memory" theory for creating the plural form of nouns,we would expect that English-speaking children would

Accepted Answer

Marcus's "rule-and-memory" theory suggests that children first learn a general rule for forming plurals (such as adding "s" or "es"), but then also remember specific irregular plurals. Therefore, we would expect English-speaking children to add "s" or "es" to most nouns, but also remember important words with irregular plurals (such as "child" becoming "children"). Choice A is too simplistic and does not account for irregular plurals. Choice B relies on children's reactions rather than consistent patterns of learning. Choice D is not related to the theory of rule-and-memory for forming plurals.

Question 14

According to the discussion of early language production,

Accepted Answer

Intentional communication, where infants use gestures or sounds to convey specific messages, typically begins around 9 months of age.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of the concept overregularization?

Accepted Answer

Overregularization refers to when a child applies a grammatical rule too widely, resulting in errors. In this case, "eated" is an overregularization of the past tense of "eat". Option A describes social awkwardness, option B describes difficulty in forming associations between new words and their meanings, and option D describes using language beyond the comprehension level of the listener.

Question 16

Suppose that you are scanning a journal in child development.You see the title of an article about language,which emphasizes the word "morphology." The most likely topic of this article would be how children

Accepted Answer

Morphology refers to the study of the structure and form of words, including how they are formed and how their meaning can change based on their composition. One important aspect of morphology is the formation of the past tense for verbs. Therefore, it is likely that the article is discussing how children acquire this aspect of language development.

Question 17

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to

Accepted Answer

Older adults tend to be overconfident in their memory abilities, including working memory tasks, due to age-related declines in memory performance and self-monitoring abilities.

Question 18

Imagine that you are volunteering in a child-care center,and you are currently taking care of infants who are less than 1 year of age.Which of the following language skills would you expect to be the first one to develop?

Accepted Answer

The first language skill to develop is the ability to recognize the sound of one's own name.

Question 19

Which of the following examples would be most consistent with Marcus's (1996)rule-and-memory theory for children's choice of past-tense verbs?

Accepted Answer

Marcus's rule-and-memory theory states that children first learn a rule for adding "-ed" to create past tense verbs, but they also memorize irregular verbs that do not follow this pattern. This option best reflects the theory as children are adding "-ed" to regular verbs based on a rule, but they have also learned the past tense of irregular verbs.

Question 20

A mother hands little Marc his familiar bowl,which contains a red fruit he has never seen before.She says,"Look,here are some strawberries!" When he sees this same fruit at dinnertime,he points and says a word something like "strawberries." Marc is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

Little Marc is fast mapping, which means he is quickly learning and storing new words and their meanings after only one exposure. The fact that he is able to recognize the fruit as a strawberry later on in the day shows evidence of fast mapping. Overextension is when children apply a word too broadly to include things that are not actually examples of the word (e.g., calling all four-legged animals dogs). Marc is not doing this in the given scenario, so choice A is incorrect. There is no evidence in the scenario of Marc having an appreciation of syntax or pragmatics, so choices C and D are also incorrect.

Quiz 13: Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan