Williams and Ceci (2015)sought to Determine If Gender Biases Exist

Williams and Ceci (2015) sought to determine if gender biases exist in academic hiring practices.They studied almost 1,000 professors in a mock hiring situation in which each professor read the files of several job applicants and then rank-ordered the applicants in terms of most-to-least qualified.What the professors did not know was that the gender of the job applicants was randomly assigned to the professors.That is,if one professor read that job applicant A was a woman,another professor read that the same job applicant A was a man.As a result,an average rating of each applicant could be compared when that applicant was presented as a male and as a female.The authors reported that:

A) academic professors had a bias for hiring male applicants.
B) academic professors had a bias for hiring female applicants.
C) gender biases existed for the hard sciences such as biology but not for the social sciences
D) no systematic gender biases were observed among the academic professors.