Question 1

Briefly explain how the body's first line of defense against pathogens works.

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Question 2

A(n) ________ is an overreaction by the immune system to an allergen.

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Question 3

If all of the hairlike structures, called ________, in respiratory passages suddenly stopped working, a person would probably have more respiratory infections.

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Question 4

Allergens combine with IgE to cause mast cells to release ________.

Accepted Answer

Allergens combine with IgE antibodies bound to mast cells, leading to the release of histamine, among other mediators.

Question 5

What are the three strategies for defending against foreign organisms, cells, or molecules?

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Question 6

One type of bacteria, called gram-negative bacteria, has a pyrogen molecule that is part of its membrane structure. This endogenous pyrogen is released when the cell is destroyed by the immune system. Why would a severe gram-negative bacterial infection be particularly dangerous to a patient?

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Question 7

________ are a type of phagocytic cell that will attack and kill anything not recognized as part of the body.

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Question 8

________ is the procedure in which a harmless form of an antigen from a pathogen is introduced into the body in order to stimulate an immune response to that antigen.

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Question 9

Each cell in an individual's body carries certain molecules that tell the body they belong to that individual. Those molecules are called ________.

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Question 10

Lysozyme, a protective enzyme found in tears and saliva, is an example of a(n) ________ barrier.

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Question 11

A wound to the skin may become swollen, red, and hot to the touch. These three responses are part of the ________.

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Question 12

According to preliminary tests, Alexandra has liver cancer, but the mass is inoperable and hard to localize. In order to administer x-ray beam therapy safely and effectively, the doctors must find the exact location of the cancer. Which of the following methods would be best in this situation?

Accepted Answer

Radioactive monoclonal antibodies can be used as a diagnostic tool to locate the tumor. These antibodies bind to specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells and can be detected using imaging techniques such as a PET scan. This can help to localize the tumor and guide the delivery of x-ray beam therapy. Fluorescence-linked B cells, activated neutrophils, and enormous mast cell injections are not commonly used in cancer diagnosis or treatment.

Question 13

Which of the following is not an example of active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Passing of antibodies from a mother to an infant during breastfeeding is an example of passive immunity, not active immunity, as the infant is not producing its own antibodies but rather receiving them from the mother's milk.

Question 14

Organisms that invade the body and cause disease are known as ________.

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Question 15

________ are lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but then mature in the thymus.

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Question 16

Monoclonal antibodies are useful in treating cancer when radioactive materials or tumor-killing drugs are attached to them. How is it that these cancer-killing methods are delivered only to the tumor and not to other, healthy cells?

Accepted Answer

Monoclonal antibodies are designed to specifically bind to a particular antigen target found on the surface of cancer cells. This specificity ensures that the cancer-killing methods, such as radioactive materials or tumor-killing drugs, are delivered only to the tumor and not to other healthy cells. The antibodies will not attach to any cancer cell found, but only to those that express the target antigen.

Question 17

Abdul, who is 6 years old and beginning his first day of school, comes into his classroom where some other children are eating peanuts. Within a few minutes he complains of dizziness and seems to be struggling to breathe. You suspect ________.

Accepted Answer

Abdul is displaying symptoms of an allergic reaction, specifically anaphylactic shock, possibly due to a peanut allergy. Immediate medical attention is required. Chickenpox, cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma do not present with these symptoms.

Question 18

Why is organ transplantation challenging?

Accepted Answer

The immune system's T cells can recognize and attack foreign tissue, even if it's from a donor, making it difficult for the recipient's body to accept the transplanted organ. Significant efforts are made to match the donor and the recipient's tissues as closely as possible to reduce the risk of rejection. Answer A is true, but not as directly related to the challenge of organ transplantation. Answer B is incorrect as identical twins are ideal donors since their tissues match closely, and the law does not prohibit them from donating to each other. Answer D is not entirely true, as organs can be harvested from living donors as well, and the minimum waiting period depends on the type of organ and the donor's condition.

Question 19

Zacchias has been in a horrible fire, and 50% of the total surface of his skin has been destroyed. Given the information in this chapter, why is it so important to replace the burned skin, and what is his best specific option for replacement?

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Question 20

Lupus is a disease in which the immune system produces antibodies that attach to various tissues throughout the body, which initiates massive inflammation and tissue death. What type of disease is this, and what sort of treatment may prove effective?

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Quiz 17: Body Defense Mechanisms