Question 1

We are often advised not to grocery shop when we are hungry. Our internal hunger makes external cues, such as the displays of food in the store, more salient and persuasive. That is, the internal cues __________ the external ones.

Accepted Answer

Potentiate means to enhance or strengthen the effect of something. In this context, the internal hunger enhances the effect of the external cues, making them more influential in our decision making while shopping. This is why we are advised not to shop when hungry because we are more likely to make impulse purchases and unhealthy food choices.

Question 2

Which is the major source of short-term energy?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is the major source of short-term energy as it is the primary substrate for cellular respiration and can be quickly broken down to produce ATP. Glycogen and animal starch are storage forms of glucose, while fats are a long-term energy source that require more processing to be used for energy.

Question 3

When are we most likely to feel sated and stop eating?

Accepted Answer

When the liver converts glucose to glycogen, it sends signals to the brain to reduce hunger and increase feelings of satiety. This is because glycogen is a stored form of glucose, so when it is present in the liver, the body has enough energy and does not need to keep consuming food.

Question 4

Regarding glucoreceptors, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Glucoreceptors, also known as glucose receptors, are specialized cells that detect changes in glucose levels in the blood. They are mainly located in the pancreas, liver, and brain. They play a critical role in glucose homeostasis by regulating insulin and glucagon release from the pancreas and stimulating or inhibiting glucose production and use in various tissues. Therefore, Option C is the correct answer. Options A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the functions and locations of glucoreceptors.

Question 5

Why do we need so many cues for eating? Why didn't evolution just find one way for organisms to monitor their nutritional state?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why do we need so many cues...

Question 6

What metabolic process occurs right after one overeats at Thanksgiving dinner?

Accepted Answer

After overeating, the liver converts the excess glucose in the bloodstream into glycogen to be stored for later use. This process is known as glycogenesis, and it helps regulate blood glucose levels. Therefore, the liver converts glucose to glycogen.

Question 7

Evidence shows that people who go on "crash diets" and lose weight tend to return surprisingly rapidly to their starting weight as soon as they go off the diet. Also, dieters do not seem to lose nearly as much weight as one might expect based on caloric intake alone. These findings provide support for the idea of genetically determined bodily __________.

Accepted Answer

The fact that people tend to quickly regain weight after going on crash diets, and that caloric intake alone does not predict weight loss, suggests that there is a genetically determined set point for body weight. These set points may vary from person to person and can make weight loss and maintenance challenging.

Question 8

What happens in the liver during fasting?

Accepted Answer

During fasting, the liver breaks down its stored glycogen into glucose in a process called glycogenolysis. This glucose can then be used for energy by other organs in the body.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the stomach's role in the cessation of eating is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about the...

Question 10

What do adipose cells secrete?

Accepted Answer

Adipose cells secrete the hormone leptin, which helps to regulate appetite and metabolism. Leptin signals to the brain when the body has enough energy stored and can lead to decreased eating.

Question 11

What happens when wires are implanted in the anterior hypothalamus of an animal and then the wires are slightly heated up?

Accepted Answer

When wires are implanted in the anterior hypothalamus of an animal and then slightly heated, the animal behaves as if it is too warm. This is because the anterior hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating the body's response to heat, and heating this area artificially can trick the body into thinking it is overheating, even if the actual body temperature is cool.

Question 12

Let's say, hypothetically, that you inject the hypothalamus with a chemical making its cells insensitive to glucose. What would most likely result?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating hunger and satiety. Insensitivity to glucose would impair this regulation and result in increased hunger and overeating, leading to ravenous eating. Therefore, choice C is the most likely result. Coma and self-starvation are less likely outcomes, while diabetes is an endocrine disorder and not necessarily a direct result of hypothalamic insensitivity to glucose.

Question 13

What is the liver doing when a rat or a person is sated and wants no more food?

Accepted Answer

When a rat or a person is sated and wants no more food, their liver is responsible for converting excess glucose (from the food recently consumed) into glycogen for storage. Therefore, the correct choice is "converting glucose to glycogen" (option C).

Question 14

Stuart is overweight. He goes on a starvation diet in the hopes of slimming down before graduating from college. He starts consuming about 1,000 calories a day. He loses some weight, but not nearly as much as he thought he would. What is the most likely reason for Stuart's failure to lose a great amount of weight?

Accepted Answer

Stuart's body has likely compensated for the extreme caloric reduction by slowing down its metabolism, making it harder for him to lose weight. Additionally, consuming only 1,000 calories a day is not a sustainable or healthy way to lose weight, and can have negative impacts on both physical and mental health.

Question 15

According to the dual-center theory, where is the "go eat" center for feeding?

Accepted Answer

The "go eat" center, according to the dual-center theory of feeding, is located in the lateral region of the hypothalamus. This area is responsible for stimulating appetite and food intake.

Question 16

What is true of leptin?

Accepted Answer

Leptin is a hormone that is secreted by fat cells and helps to regulate body weight by signaling the brain when sufficient fat stores are present. This signal leads to decreased eating, making choice D (both a and b are true) the correct answer. Leptin does not secrete glucoreceptors, so choice C is incorrect.

Question 17

A big, hairy dog is in a room comfortably heated to 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Its hypothalamus is warmed experimentally. How will the dog respond?

Accepted Answer

When the hypothalamus is warmed, it simulates a rise in body temperature, leading the dog to respond as if it were overheated. Panting is a cooling mechanism in dogs, and vasodilatation helps dissipate heat by increasing blood flow to the skin.

Question 18

According to the dual-center theory, where is the "stop eating" center for feeding?

Accepted Answer

According to the dual-center theory, the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus is the "stop eating" center for feeding. Lesions or damage to this region can cause hyperphagia (excessive eating) and obesity.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to external cues for eating, such as the sight of food?

Accepted Answer

External cues such as the sight of food are more likely to lead to eating in the context of hunger than satiety. This is because hunger increases the sensitivity to external cues for food, while satiety decreases it. External cues do not act independently of internal cues; in fact, they can interact with and modify internal cues. The hypothalamus, a crucial brain region for regulating food intake, is affected by external cues for eating.

Question 20

What metabolic reaction triggers a signal that leads to eating?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What metabolic reaction triggers a signal that...

Quiz 12: Motivation and Emotion