Question 1

Which of the following alternatives CORRECTLY names and illustrates one of the mental speed tasks discussed in your text?
A) simple reaction time-participant presses one key as quickly as possible when an X appears on the computer screen, but another key when an O appears
B) choice reaction time-participant responds as quickly as possible when an X appears on the computer screen
C) inspection time-participant determines which is the larger of two Xs displayed on the computer screen
D) detection time-participant responds as quickly as possible when an X appears on the computer screen

Accepted Answer

Inspection time involves determining which of two stimuli is larger or different, as described in option C.

Question 2

Working memory capacity is often assessed by a task in which participants read groups of sentences and then repeat the final word of each sentence. Is this task a valid measure of working memory? Why or why not?
A) Yes. We often have to store information while processing other material.
B) Yes. We often have to remember the final words of sentences while we read.
C) No. We rarely have to remember the final words of sentences while we read.
D) No. The task is more a measure of mental speed than of working memory capacity.

Accepted Answer

This task is considered a valid measure of working memory because it simulates the process of storing information while simultaneously processing other material, which is a fundamental aspect of working memory function.

Question 3

Imagine a graph showing fluid and crystallized intelligence scores as a function of age. Age appears on the x-axis, with increasing age toward the right. One curve portrays fluid intelligence scores; the other, crystallized intelligence scores. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the two curves as age increases?
A) The two curves converge.
B) The two curves remain parallel.
C) The curves diverge; the slope of the fluid intelligence curve eventually becomes increasingly negative; the slope of the crystallized intelligence curve does not.
D) The curves diverge; the slope of the fluid intelligence curve eventually becomes increasingly negative; the slope of the crystallized intelligence curve eventually becomes positive.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine a graph showing fluid and crystallized...

Question 4

PFIT theory integrates the contributions of the __________ lobe and the __________ lobe to intelligence.
A) parietal; temporal
B) occipital; frontal
C) parietal; frontal
D) temporal; occipital

Accepted Answer

The PFIT theory integrates the contributions of the parietal lobe and the frontal lobe to intelligence.

Question 5

In one study, participants have to stare at a computer screen and press the space key the moment an X appears on the screen. This study is testing __________.
A) choice reaction time
B) simple reaction time
C) lexical access time
D) cognitive strategies

Accepted Answer

The study is testing simple reaction time, which measures the time it takes for a person to respond to a single, specific stimulus. The task of pressing the space key in response to the appearance of an X on the screen is a simple and specific reaction, making it a good measure of simple reaction time. Choice reaction time (A) involves responding to different stimuli with different responses, so it is not being tested in this study. Lexical access time (C) refers to the time it takes to retrieve a word from memory, which is not relevant to this task. Cognitive strategies (D) may be involved in completing the task, but they are not the primary focus of the study.

Question 6

Some psychologists assert that most measures of working memory capacity are really measures of executive control processes. This claim implies that the correlation coefficient between scores on a measure of working memory capacity and scores on a test of executive control would be __________.
A) positive, but modest
B) near zero
C) high and positive
D) negative

Accepted Answer

According to the assertion, most measures of working memory capacity are actually measuring executive control processes. Therefore, it would be expected that there would be a high positive correlation between scores on a measure of working memory capacity and scores on a test of executive control.

Question 7

According to some psychologists, working memory capacity measures are actually measures of executive control processes. Both working memory capacity and executive control processes have been suggested as components of intelligence. Which pattern of correlation coefficients is most consistent with these claims?
A) correlations of about .80 between working memory and intelligence test scores and between executive control and intelligence test scores, along with a correlation of about .40 between working memory and executive control scores
B) correlations of about .40 between working memory and intelligence test scores and between executive control and intelligence test scores, along with a correlation of about .80 between working memory and executive control scores
C) correlations of about .40 between working memory and intelligence test scores and between executive control and intelligence test scores, along with a correlation of about .40 between working memory and executive control scores
D) correlations of about .80 between working memory and intelligence test scores and between executive control and intelligence test scores, along with a correlation of about .80 between working memory and executive control scores

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to some psychologists, working memory capacity...

Question 8

Recall your study of short-term and working memory in Chapter 8. For a maximum of how many sentences are participants likely able to retain the final words while reading the sentences?
A) 2 or 3
B) 3 or 4
C) 9 or 10
D) 6 or 7

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recall your study of short-term and working...

Question 9

Goal maintenance activities appear to depend on the brain's __________ lobe.
A) temporal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) frontal

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that goal maintenance activities, such as working memory and decision-making, are primarily controlled by the frontal lobe of the brain. This area is responsible for executive functioning, which includes the ability to plan, focus attention, and inhibit responses. The temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes have other functions, such as perception, language processing, and spatial cognition.

Question 10

Which of the following alternatives CORRECTLY names and defines one of the mental speed tasks discussed in your text?
A) simple reaction time-participant discriminates between two stimuli as quickly as possible
B) choice reaction time-participant selects the appropriate response depending on the stimulus and responds as quickly as possible
C) inspection time-participant responds as quickly as possible when a stimulus appears
D) detection time-participant responds as quickly as possible when a stimulus appears

Accepted Answer

Choice reaction time involves selecting the appropriate response depending on the stimulus and responding as quickly as possible.

Question 11

Assume that, in general, reacting to a stimulus entails noticing the stimulus, then selecting the appropriate response depending on stimulus, then actually making the appropriate response. If this assumption is correct, which of the following sequences correctly orders simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and inspection time tasks with respect to the speed with which the average participant could complete them, from the most rapid to the slowest?
A) simple reaction time $\rightarrow$ inspection time $\rightarrow$ choice reaction time
B) simple reaction time $\rightarrow$ choice reaction time $\rightarrow$ inspection time
C) inspection time $\rightarrow$ simple reaction time $\rightarrow$ choice reaction time
D) inspection time $\rightarrow$ choice reaction time $\rightarrow$ simple reaction time

Accepted Answer

Simple reaction time is the fastest as it involves only noticing and responding to a single stimulus. Inspection time involves noticing a stimulus and making a judgment, which is slightly slower. Choice reaction time is the slowest as it involves noticing a stimulus, selecting a response, and then responding.

Question 12

Mr. Quincy is participating in psychological study at the local university. In one task, he is asked to read groups of sentences and then to repeat the final word of each sentence. Mr. Quincy is probably taking part in a study of __________.
A) mental speed
B) inspection time
C) working memory capacity
D) perseveration

Accepted Answer

Mr. Quincy's task involves remembering and repeating the final word of each sentence, which suggests that he is participating in a study of working memory capacity.

Question 13

An individual's understanding of the goals, rules, and requirements of a mental task and their knowledge of relevant facts are included in his or her task __________.
A) concept
B) representation
C) schema
D) model

Accepted Answer

The answer of An individual's understanding of the goals, rules,...

Question 14

In an arcade game, a gopher pops out of one of several holes and the player has to try to hit it before it disappears from each new location. What type of task does this game most closely resemble?
A) choice reaction time
B) lexical decision
C) crystallized intelligence
D) simple reaction time

Accepted Answer

The game requires the player to react quickly to hit the gopher as soon as it pops out of the hole. This closely resembles a simple reaction time task, where the participant has to react as quickly as possible to a single stimulus.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Fluid and crystallized intelligence are uncorrelated.
B) Crystallized intelligence often increases with age.
C) Alcohol consumption leads to more disruption in fluid intelligence than in crystallized intelligence.
D) Fatigue leads to more impairment of fluid intelligence than crystallized intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Fluid and crystallized intelligence are positively correlated, meaning that individuals who have high levels of fluid intelligence tend to have high levels of crystallized intelligence as well.

Question 16

Which of the following coefficients probably best reflects the correlation between intelligence test scores and scores on a measure of working memory capacity?
A) .95
B) -.45
C) .45
D) .00

Accepted Answer

A positive correlation is expected between intelligence test scores and scores on a measure of working memory capacity, as working memory is an important component of intelligence. However, the correlation is not perfect (i.e. a coefficient of 1.00) and is unlikely to be very high. A coefficient of .95 is too high to be realistic and suggests that the two measures may be measuring essentially the same construct. A coefficient of D (.00) suggests no correlation at all, which is unlikely given the known relationship between working memory and intelligence. A coefficient of B (-.45) suggests a negative correlation, which is also unlikely given the expected positive correlation. Therefore, the best choice is C (.45), which suggests a moderate positive correlation between intelligence test scores and scores on a measure of working memory capacity.

Question 17

Parietal is to frontal as __________ is to __________.
A) working memory; control of attention
B) control of attention; working memory
C) mental speed; working memory
D) control of attention; mental speed

Accepted Answer

The parietal lobe is responsible for working memory, while the frontal lobe is responsible for control of attention. Therefore, the relationship between parietal and frontal lobes is that of working memory to control of attention. Similarly, the relationship between the unknown pair is that of control of attention to working memory, which is represented by choice B.

Question 18

Pierette can retain the many pieces of information required to solve complex, time-consuming problems. In addition, she is able to devote attention to the problem without becoming distracted. Pierette is likely to score well on a measure of __________.
A) inspection time
B) perseveration
C) mental speed
D) working memory capacity

Accepted Answer

Pierette's ability to retain and manipulate multiple pieces of information suggests that she has a higher working memory capacity. Working memory is responsible for holding and manipulating information over short periods of time, and individuals with a higher working memory capacity are able to process and manipulate more information at once, making them more efficient problem solvers.

Question 19

Simple and choice reaction time are __________ correlated with IQ scores. Raven's Progressive Matrices Scores are __________ correlated with the rate of glucose metabolism.
A) positively; positively
B) positively; negatively
C) negatively; positively
D) negatively; negatively

Accepted Answer

The answer of Simple and choice reaction time are __________...

Question 20

Participants in a psychological study completed the Raven's Progressive Matrices test, a reaction time task, and a task designed to assess working memory capacity. The correlation between Raven's Progressive Matrices scores and average reaction time was -.70. The correlation between Raven's Progressive Matrices scores and working memory capacity was .76. These results suggest that __________.
A) neither mental speed nor working memory capacity is related to intelligence
B) both mental speed and working memory capacity are related to intelligence
C) mental speed is related to intelligence, but working memory capacity is not
D) working memory capacity is related to intelligence, but mental speed is not

Accepted Answer

The correlation between Raven's Progressive Matrices scores and both reaction time task and working memory capacity indicate that both mental speed and working memory capacity are related to intelligence.

Quiz 11: Intelligence

Which of the following alternatives CORRECTLY names and illustrates one of the mental speed tasks discussed in your text?

Working memory capacity is often assessed by a task in which participants read groups of sentences and then repeat the final word of each sentence. Is this task a valid measure of working memory? Why or why not?

PFIT theory integrates the contributions of the lobe and the lobe to intelligence.

In one study, participants have to stare at a computer screen and press the space key the moment an X appears on the screen. This study is testing __________.

Some psychologists assert that most measures of working memory capacity are really measures of executive control processes. This claim implies that the correlation coefficient between scores on a measure of working memory capacity and scores on a test of executive control would be __________.

Recall your study of short-term and working memory in Chapter 8. For a maximum of how many sentences are participants likely able to retain the final words while reading the sentences?

Goal maintenance activities appear to depend on the brain's __________ lobe.

Which of the following alternatives CORRECTLY names and defines one of the mental speed tasks discussed in your text?

Mr. Quincy is participating in psychological study at the local university. In one task, he is asked to read groups of sentences and then to repeat the final word of each sentence. Mr. Quincy is probably taking part in a study of __________.

An individual's understanding of the goals, rules, and requirements of a mental task and their knowledge of relevant facts are included in his or her task __________.

In an arcade game, a gopher pops out of one of several holes and the player has to try to hit it before it disappears from each new location. What type of task does this game most closely resemble?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following coefficients probably best reflects the correlation between intelligence test scores and scores on a measure of working memory capacity?

Parietal is to frontal as is to .

Pierette can retain the many pieces of information required to solve complex, time-consuming problems. In addition, she is able to devote attention to the problem without becoming distracted. Pierette is likely to score well on a measure of __________.

Simple and choice reaction time are correlated with IQ scores. Raven's Progressive Matrices Scores are correlated with the rate of glucose metabolism.