Question 1

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned stimulus was _______.
A)the experimenter
B)the laboratory
C)the loud noise
D)the rat

Accepted Answer

Little Albert was conditioned to fear the white rat, so the rat was the conditioned stimulus.

Question 2

The person most directly associated with operant conditioning is ______.
A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Thorndike
D)Skinner

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is the process by which behavior is shaped and strengthened by consequences. B.F. Skinner is considered the person most directly associated with this theory, as he conducted extensive research on operant conditioning and is credited with developing the concept of reinforcement, a key component of this theory. Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning, Watson with behaviorism, and Thorndike with the law of effect.

Question 3

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the CONDITIONED response is the ________.
A)increased heartbeat
B)nude female's picture
C)sound of the buzzer
D)viewing of the picture

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the increased heartbeat that occurs in response to the sound of the buzzer alone, after the subject has been conditioned to associate the buzzer with the picture.

Question 4

The person most closely associated with the law of effect is ________ .
A)Watson
B)Pavlov
C)Skinner
D)Thorndike

Accepted Answer

The law of effect, which states that behavior that is followed by positive consequences is more likely to be repeated, was first proposed by psychologist Edward Thorndike. Watson and Skinner were also influential psychologists, but they are not closely associated with the law of effect. Pavlov is notable for his work in classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning.

Question 5

Spontaneous recovery:
A)occurs before the pairing of the CS and US.
B)occurs after a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
C)is an unlearned response.
D)can occur once a response has been extinguished.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished response, and it can occur after a period of time has elapsed since extinction. This is often seen in classical conditioning, where a previously conditioned response may reappear after extinction.

Question 6

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR,the phenomenon is called _______.
A)stimulus discrimination
B)stimulus generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)second-order conditioning

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a response (CR) is also elicited by a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 7

If a researcher presents the US first,then presents the CS,the pairing method used is _______.
A)trace
B)delay
C)simultaneous
D)backward

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a researcher presents the US first,then...

Question 8

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the _______.
A)increased heartbeat
B)female's picture
C)sound of the buzzer
D)viewing of the picture

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response is the natural, automatic response that occurs without any prior learning, which in this case is the subject's increased heartbeat when seeing a picture of a nude female. The buzzer serves as the conditioned stimulus, and eventually, the subject's increased heartbeat in response to the buzzer alone becomes the conditioned response.

Question 9

In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment),what was the CS?
A)the rat
B)the rabbit
C)the loud noise
D)the crying response

Accepted Answer

In the "Albert" experiment, the CS (conditioned stimulus) was the white rat.

Question 10

One of the best-known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study,conducted by _______.
A)Pavlov
B)Freud
C)Watson
D)Skinner

Accepted Answer

The Little Albert study was conducted by John B. Watson, a psychologist who is often referred to as the founder of behaviorism. The study involved conditioning a young child, known as Little Albert, to fear a white rat by pairing the rat with a loud, startling noise. This study is now widely criticized for its unethical treatment of the child and lack of follow-up to address the negative effects of the conditioning.

Question 11

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,salivation to the meat was the _______.
A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The answer of By pairing the ringing of a bell...

Question 12

Thorndike was known for his work with __________.
A)a puzzle box
B)modelling
C)monkeys
D)a Skinner box

Accepted Answer

Thorndike is most famously associated with his experiments using a puzzle box, in which he trained cats to escape by trial and error learning.

Question 13

As she walked through her neighbourhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it but,as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size.Jodie's crying when she sees dogs is the ________.
A)US
B)CS
C)UR
D)CR

Accepted Answer

Jodie's crying when she sees dogs is the conditioned response (CR) because it is a learned reaction to the previously neutral stimulus (dogs) after the association with the unconditioned stimulus (the bite).

Question 14

In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment),what was the UCS?
A)the rat
B)the rabbit
C)the loud noise
D)the crying response

Accepted Answer

In the Albert experiment, the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) was the loud noise that was presented to the infant, which elicited a startle response. The rat was the NS (neutral stimulus) that was paired with the loud noise to create a fear response (UCR).

Question 15

Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the _______.
A)cat food
B)cats
C)running of the cats
D)cupboard door opening

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning is the stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any prior conditioning. In this scenario, the UCS is the cat food as it naturally triggers the cats' natural response of hunger and anticipation of being fed. The opening of the cupboard door is the conditioned stimulus (CS) as it has become associated with the presentation of the cat food through repeated pairings, leading to the conditioned response (CR) of the cats running to the kitchen.

Question 16

The person MOST closely associated with the law of effect is __________.
A)Thorndike
B)Pavlov
C)Watson
D)Skinner

Accepted Answer

The law of effect was first proposed by Edward Thorndike, who conducted experiments on animals to investigate how they learn new behaviors. The law of effect states that behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated in the future, while behaviors that are followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated. Thorndike's work on the law of effect laid the foundation for the development of behaviorism as a psychological theory.

Question 17

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned stimulus was _______.
A)the experimenter
B)the laboratory
C)the loud noise
D)the rat

Accepted Answer

In the Little Albert experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise. It was presented to Little Albert alongside the rat, which initially did not evoke any fear response. However, the loud noise caused Albert to startle and cry, which was the unconditioned response. Through repeated pairing of the rat with the loud noise, the rat became a conditioned stimulus that also evoked a fear response in Albert.

Question 18

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned response was _______.
A)fear of the loud noise
B)fear of the rat
C)fear of the experimenter
D)fear of the laboratory

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response in the Little Albert experiment was fear of the loud noise, as this elicited a fear response from Albert without any prior conditioning. The experiment sought to condition this fear response to a previously neutral stimulus (in this case, a white rat).

Question 19

Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in ________.
A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)stimulus discrimination
D)stimulus generalization

Accepted Answer

Repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus (CS) by itself with no unconditioned stimulus (UCS) will result in extinction, which is the gradual decrease in the strength or occurrence of the conditioned response (CR). This occurs because the CS no longer reliably predicts the UCS, and the association between the two stimuli weakens over time.

Question 20

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,salivation to the meat was the _______.
A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The answer of By pairing the ringing of a bell...

Quiz 7: Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned stimulus was _______.

The person most directly associated with operant conditioning is ______.

The person most closely associated with the law of effect is ________ .

Spontaneous recovery:

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR,the phenomenon is called _______.

If a researcher presents the US first,then presents the CS,the pairing method used is _______.

In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment) ,what was the CS?

One of the best-known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study,conducted by _______.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,salivation to the meat was the _______.

Thorndike was known for his work with __________.

In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment) ,what was the UCS?

Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the _______.

The person MOST closely associated with the law of effect is __________.

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned stimulus was _______.

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned response was _______.

Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in ________.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,salivation to the meat was the _______.