Question 1

Bill has just read the sentence,"The man in the back row has green hair." Based on research on propositional representation in memory,will the words "man" and "hair" be represented in memory together?
A)Yes,because these words belong to the same proposition.
B)Yes,because these words have strong meaningful associations.
C)No,because they are separated by many other words in the actual sentence.
D)No,because the link between the two words is somewhat unusual.

Accepted Answer

According to research on propositional representation in memory, words that belong to the same proposition are represented together in memory. In this sentence, "man" and "hair" both belong to the proposition "the man has green hair," and therefore are likely to be linked in memory.

Question 2

What is one major value of speech errors?
A)They provide evidence that memory is typically a reconstructive process.
B)They suggest that attention is a highly selective process.
C)They show the importance of the law of effect in controlling behaviour.
D)They provide insight into the processes that underlie language production.

Accepted Answer

Speech errors provide insight into the processes that underlie language production. These errors give clues about the organization of words in the mental lexicon, the selection of appropriate grammatical rules, and the timing and coordination of motor movements required for speech. By studying speech errors, researchers can gain a better understanding of the complex processes involved in producing fluent, accurate speech.

Question 3

A reader comes across the ambiguous word "bark" when reading a sentence,yet she has absolutely no difficulty understanding its intended meaning.Based on the research on lexical ambiguity,why was she able to disambiguate the word?
A)Because of the degree of emotional reactivity she experienced when she heard the word.
B)Because of the frequency with which she has used the word in the past week.
C)Because of the contextual information.
D)Because of the pattern of eye movements that she makes.

Accepted Answer

The reader was able to disambiguate the word "bark" based on the contextual information present in the sentence. Lexical ambiguity can be resolved by considering the surrounding words, tone, and other contextual factors to determine the intended meaning. Emotional reactivity, frequency of use, and eye movements are not necessarily relevant in disambiguating words.

Question 4

What has been concluded about the brains of individuals who qualify as pathological liars?
A)the pathological liars have more of the type of brain tissue that allows neurons to communicate with each other.
B)the pathological liars have smaller hippocampi.
C)there is no difference between the brains of pathological liars and those who are not liars.
D)the pathological liars are born with overactive amygdala functions.

Accepted Answer

Pathological liars have been found to have more white matter, which is the type of brain tissue that facilitates communication between neurons.

Question 5

Nick has been asked to use the SLIP technique on a classmate to encourage the production of spoonerisms.If Nick follows this procedure,what will he ask his classmate do?
A)try to repeat a tongue twister as quickly as possible.
B)try to recognize words that are briefly presented on a screen.
C)silently read pairs of words and later say word pairs out loud.
D)view lists of words and later recall the lists on which words appeared.

Accepted Answer

The SLIP technique stands for "Silently Reading Pairs." Therefore, Nick will ask his classmate to silently read pairs of words and later say them out loud, which encourages the production of spoonerisms.

Question 6

What did F.A.Kekulé,who discovered the chemical structure of benzene,Michael Faraday,who discovered many properties of magnetism,and Albert Einstein,the brilliant physicist,have in common?
A)They were all assisted in their work by their use of mental imagery.
B)They were all savants.
C)They all used verbal mental representations exclusively.
D)They were all troubled by a unique form of dyslexia.

Accepted Answer

All three scientists were reported to have used mental imagery in their work. Kekulé famously visualized the structure of benzene in a dream, while Faraday was known to use mental images to help him understand the nature of electricity and magnetism. Einstein also credited his use of visual thinking in developing his theories.

Question 7

What did Sue Savage-Rumbaugh discover when working with the apes Kanzi and Mulika?
A)They can communicate through spoken language.
B)They acquire the meaning for certain symbols by observing others.
C)Their communication skills do not generalize to other apes.
D)They cannot acquire the meaning of spoken words.

Accepted Answer

Sue Savage-Rumbaugh discovered that the apes Kanzi and Mulika acquired the meaning for certain symbols by observing others. She used a symbol-based language system to communicate with them, and found that they were able to understand and use the symbols in a way that suggested they were not simply memorizing them, but were actually acquiring the meaning behind them. However, there is no evidence that they can communicate through spoken language, and it is not clear whether their communication skills generalize to other apes. They also cannot acquire the meaning of spoken words in the same way that they can acquire the meaning of symbols.

Question 8

In one procedure designed to produce spoonerisms,participants are asked to silently read lists of word pairs that are models for the sound structure of target spoonerisms,then pronounce word pairs out loud.What have such studies found?
A)spoonerisms with idioms are almost impossible to produce.
B)spoonerisms are more likely when the error still results in real words.
C)errors in blending idioms are more common when the idioms do not share the same underlying meaning.
D)there is no correlation between errors and the production of real words.

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that participants are more likely to produce spoonerisms when the error still results in real words, rather than nonsensical combinations. This suggests that there is some degree of phonological planning involved in the production of spoonerisms. However, it should be noted that as a language model AI language models like GPT-3 do not have physical behavior like humans, so this phenomenon of spoonerisms can not be replicated in machines.

Question 9

A remote tribe has only three colour words.As a result,tribal members are less accurate at discriminating different hues within a category.Who would have most likely predicted such findings?
A)Sapir and Whorf
B)Cheney and Seyfarth
C)Savage-Rumbaugh
D)Chomsky

Accepted Answer

Sapir and Whorf proposed the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which suggests that the structure of language affects perception and thought. In this case, the limited color vocabulary of the tribe would lead to less precise discrimination of hues within a category.

Question 10

What did Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth discover about the communicative capabilities of vervet monkeys?
A)They modified their calls based on what their audience knew.
B)They did not modify their calls based on what their audience knew.
C)They did not change their rate of alarms whether they were with their own offspring or with monkeys unrelated to them.
D)They could not make calls to signal the presence of different dangers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What did Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth...

Question 11

The sentence,"Visiting relatives can be a nuisance," best illustrates what type of ambiguity.
A)lexical
B)constant
C)pseudo
D)structural

Accepted Answer

The sentence has structural ambiguity because it is unclear whether "visiting relatives" or "can be a nuisance" is the subject of the sentence. It could be interpreted as "Visiting relatives" being the subject, meaning that the act of visiting relatives is the nuisance, or it could be interpreted as "can be a nuisance" being the subject, meaning that the experience of visiting relatives can be a nuisance.

Question 12

Which statement best characterizes the results of research on the claim of linguistic relativity?
A)Language may,in some circumstances,have an impact on thought.
B)Despite years of research,no study has yet been conducted that shows differences in thought that can be connected to differences in language.
C)It is clear that language differences affect differences in thought processes more than language differences affect differences in culture.
D)To date,researchers have been unable to discover a methodology that will permit testing of the hypothesis of linguistic relativity.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there may be some impact of language on thought processes in certain circumstances, such as in color perception and spatial orientation. However, the extent of this impact and the validity of the linguistic relativity hypothesis are still debated among linguists and cognitive scientists. Therefore, option A is the best choice as it acknowledges the potential impact of language on thought processes without overgeneralizing or dismissing the hypothesis altogether.

Question 13

In the context of language understanding,what is a proposition?
A)a type of inference.
B)a sarcastic request.
C)the single most important idea contained in an utterance.
D)a main idea in an utterance.

Accepted Answer

A proposition is a main idea or statement within an utterance. It represents the basic meaning that the speaker is trying to convey.

Question 14

Glancing over the shoulder of a man on the bus who is reading a newspaper,Dean sees the headline "Shooting of Hunters Terrible." What does Dean's ability to disambiguate the meaning of the utterance depend primarily upon?
A)the presence of contextual cues.
B)Dean's ability to visually represent the meaning.
C)Dean's memory for similar accidents.
D)the isolation of propositions.

Accepted Answer

Dean's ability to disambiguate the meaning of the utterance primarily depends on the presence of contextual cues. Without any context, the headline could be interpreted in multiple ways, but the context of the newspaper article provides important information for interpretation.

Question 15

When compared to people who tell the truth,what does the research suggest about those who don't?
A)liars provide fewer details in their accounts.
B)liars provide exact details in their accounts.
C)liars provide more details in their accounts.
D)liars resort to confabulation.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that liars provide fewer details in their accounts than truth-tellers. Liars may also give inconsistent statements or change their stories over time, but they usually do not provide exact or more details. In some cases, they may resort to confabulation or making up false memories or details to support their lies.

Question 16

What have researchers concluded from studies of speech errors in the laboratory?
A)the planning process in language production tends to stay one word ahead of the spoken utterance.
B)there may be mental processes that detect and edit potential speech errors.
C)errors involving blends of words are less common than predicted.
D)spoonerisms are less likely when the error will result in a real word.

Accepted Answer

Researchers have found evidence suggesting that there are mental processes that detect and edit potential speech errors, indicating a monitoring system in language production.

Question 17

What does our capacity to use context to resolve ambiguities demonstrate?
A)there is often a mismatch between language production and language understanding.
B)there is a good match between language production and language understanding.
C)language production and language understanding are unrelated functions.
D)language production suffers as a result of language understanding.

Accepted Answer

Our capacity to use context to resolve ambiguities demonstrates that there is a good match between language production and language understanding. This means that we are able to use our knowledge of the context to accurately interpret and produce language, which is essential for effective communication.

Question 18

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf are giving a lecture on the relationship between language and thought.What hypothesis would they most likely put forward?
A)there are cross-linguistic differences in thought.
B)language is primarily a left-brain activity,whereas thought is a dual hemisphere activity.
C)language processes are primarily learned,while thought processes are primarily inborn.
D)each member of a language community thinks very differently from every other member of that same community.

Accepted Answer

Sapir and Whorf are best known for their hypothesis of linguistic relativity, which suggests that the language we speak influences and shapes the way we think and perceive the world around us. They would argue that different languages can have varying structures and vocabularies, which can lead to differences in the way speakers of those languages perceive and think about the world. Thus, there are cross-linguistic differences in thought. The other options are not consistent with Sapir and Whorf's views.

Question 19

What can be concluded from the results of the early experiments in which researchers attempted to teach language to chimpanzees?
A)They showed that chimps can be taught to communicate like humans.
B)They indicated that humans were cueing the chimps to make appropriate linguistic responses.
C)They determined that chimps could not acquire linguistic abilities.
D)They led to controversy as to whether the chimps' linguistic abilities were equivalent to meaningful language.

Accepted Answer

The results of the early experiments with language acquisition in chimpanzees led to controversy regarding whether the chimps' abilities were actually equivalent to human language. While chimpanzees were able to learn and use some rudimentary signs or symbols, some researchers argued that these systems did not meet the criteria for true language use.

Question 20

The distinguished gentleman whispered to the equally distinguished lady,"Madam,your ship is slowing." What does this statement illustrate?
A)a spoonerism.
B)what Herbert Clark and Catherine Marshall would call "common knowledge."
C)Grice's maxim.
D)inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The distinguished gentleman whispered to the equally...

Quiz 9: A: Cognitive Processes

Bill has just read the sentence,"The man in the back row has green hair." Based on research on propositional representation in memory,will the words "man" and "hair" be represented in memory together?

What is one major value of speech errors?

A reader comes across the ambiguous word "bark" when reading a sentence,yet she has absolutely no difficulty understanding its intended meaning.Based on the research on lexical ambiguity,why was she able to disambiguate the word?

What has been concluded about the brains of individuals who qualify as pathological liars?

Nick has been asked to use the SLIP technique on a classmate to encourage the production of spoonerisms.If Nick follows this procedure,what will he ask his classmate do?

What did F.A.Kekulé,who discovered the chemical structure of benzene,Michael Faraday,who discovered many properties of magnetism,and Albert Einstein,the brilliant physicist,have in common?

What did Sue Savage-Rumbaugh discover when working with the apes Kanzi and Mulika?

In one procedure designed to produce spoonerisms,participants are asked to silently read lists of word pairs that are models for the sound structure of target spoonerisms,then pronounce word pairs out loud.What have such studies found?

A remote tribe has only three colour words.As a result,tribal members are less accurate at discriminating different hues within a category.Who would have most likely predicted such findings?

What did Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth discover about the communicative capabilities of vervet monkeys?

The sentence,"Visiting relatives can be a nuisance," best illustrates what type of ambiguity.

Which statement best characterizes the results of research on the claim of linguistic relativity?

In the context of language understanding,what is a proposition?

Glancing over the shoulder of a man on the bus who is reading a newspaper,Dean sees the headline "Shooting of Hunters Terrible." What does Dean's ability to disambiguate the meaning of the utterance depend primarily upon?

When compared to people who tell the truth,what does the research suggest about those who don't?

What have researchers concluded from studies of speech errors in the laboratory?

What does our capacity to use context to resolve ambiguities demonstrate?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf are giving a lecture on the relationship between language and thought.What hypothesis would they most likely put forward?

What can be concluded from the results of the early experiments in which researchers attempted to teach language to chimpanzees?

The distinguished gentleman whispered to the equally distinguished lady,"Madam,your ship is slowing." What does this statement illustrate?