Question 1

Although IQ testing is controversial,what is one positive aspect of IQ testing that supports their continued use?

Accepted Answer

Despite controversy, IQ testing has demonstrated a capacity to predict success in school and work environments, making them valuable tools in identifying individuals who need extra support or challenge. This positive aspect supports their continued use.

Question 2

In a classroom debate,a student says that,because research has determined that IQ is highly heritable,the IQ differences found between different racial groups must be genetic.What is an appropriate response to this student's conclusion?

Accepted Answer

Heritability refers to the proportion of variance in a trait that is attributed to genetics within a particular group or population, and cannot be used to make conclusions about differences between groups. Other factors such as cultural and environmental influences also play a significant role in determining IQ differences between groups. Therefore, it is not appropriate to make the conclusion that racial differences in IQ are solely based on genetics.

Question 3

A program started in 1962 at the High/Scope Perry preschool in Ypsilanti,Michigan,focused on a group of 3- and 4-year-old low-income African American children who had been evaluated as being at risk for school failure.What was the focus of this program?

Accepted Answer

The focus of the program was participatory education, which emphasized active learning through hands-on experiences and encouraged children to make choices and pursue their own interests. This approach was designed to help low-income children overcome the educational disadvantages they faced and prepare them for success in school and life.

Question 4

An inventor devises a revolutionary type of trap,but has a difficult time selling her idea because the animals that can be caught by the trap are extinct.Why would the inventor's creation fail to satisfy the definition of creativity?

Accepted Answer

The invention fails to satisfy the definition of creativity because it lacks a valid application, as the animals it is designed to trap are extinct, rendering the invention impractical and without purpose.

Question 5

When Harold Stevenson and his colleagues asked U.S.and Asian respondents to explain the fact that Asian children consistently outperform American children in mathematics achievement,Asian respondents emphasized studying hard.What did the respondents from the United States emphasize?

Accepted Answer

Respondents from the United States emphasized innate intelligence as the reason for the difference in mathematics achievement between Asian and American children.

Question 6

Which of the following statements best captures the basic assumption of Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence assumes that intelligence is not solely based on academic ability or test scores, but rather is influenced by cultural and societal factors. Therefore, the society in which a person lives evaluates how intelligent that person is thought to be. Gardner proposed the concept of multiple intelligences, suggesting that intelligence is multidimensional and includes abilities beyond traditional measures of cognitive ability.

Question 7

An artist is thought to be creative.According to the psychological definition of creativity,how is the artist's behaviour best described?

Accepted Answer

According to the psychological definition of creativity, the artist's behavior is best described as novel and appropriate. This means that their work is not only original, but it is also useful or valuable in some way. Being creative is not just about making something new or unique, but about creating something that has meaning or purpose.

Question 8

Corinna is taking a test of creativity.She is asked to name as many soft,yellow things as she can in three minutes.What type of thinking is being tested?

Accepted Answer

Divergent thinking involves generating multiple ideas or solutions to a problem, which is exactly what Corinna is doing by coming up with as many soft, yellow things as possible. This type of thinking emphasizes creativity, flexibility, and spontaneity, and is often associated with brainstorming and ideation. Convergent thinking, on the other hand, involves narrowing down possibilities and selecting the best solution or answer, and is more focused on logical reasoning and problem-solving. Crystallized intelligence refers to knowledge and skills that are acquired through experience and education, while heuristic thinking involves using shortcuts or rules of thumb to solve problems. Neither of these concepts directly applies to Corinna's task of generating soft, yellow things.

Question 9

Because of the strict provisions of her religion,a child learns to listen respectfully to authority figures rather than expressing her own opinions.Based on a case that is described in the textbook,if this child goes to school in which students are expected to speak assertively,what is likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

The child may be viewed negatively by the teacher because her behavior does not align with the expected norms of assertiveness in the school environment.

Question 10

In a study described in the textbook,researchers had students complete a measure of emotional intelligence.They also obtained students' GPAs and videotaped students giving a speech.What did the results reveal?

Accepted Answer

The results revealed that high emotional intelligence (EI) was positively correlated with the degree of persuasiveness and fluency in the speeches. Therefore, high EI students were more effective public speakers, as compared to low EI students. Additionally, there was no mention of a significant difference in public speaking ability between students with high and low EI.

Question 11

Omar is a member of a social group that is stereotypically expected to perform poorly in mathematics.In fact,when Omar takes a math test he does indeed perform poorly.Which term best characterizes this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the scenario is best characterized as stereotype threat, which refers to the experience of being at risk of confirming, as a self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's social group. In this case, Omar is a member of a group that is stereotypically expected to perform poorly in mathematics, and as a result, he may internalize this expectation and underperform on math tests. This is a form of stereotype threat.

Question 12

Henry Goddard argued that certain groups were genetically inferior.What finding further reinforced his beliefs?

Accepted Answer

The fact that African Americans and other racial minorities scored lower than Whites in large-scale Army intelligence testing further reinforced Goddard's beliefs that certain groups were genetically inferior.

Question 13

Due in part to the advocacy of psychologists such as Henry Goddard,it became national policy in 1924 to administer intelligence tests.What were these tests used to determine?

Accepted Answer

In 1924, intelligence tests were used to determine the suitability of immigrants, influenced by the advocacy of psychologists like Henry Goddard.

Question 14

Larry is a single parent living below the poverty line.He cannot afford the proper food for his children to thrive,nor can he provide them with educational toys such as books and computers.Which contributing factor to intellectual functioning is being clearly highlighted?

Accepted Answer

Socioeconomic status, or the economic and social standing of an individual or family, is being highlighted as the contributing factor to Larry's inability to provide proper nutrition and educational resources for his children. This can negatively impact their intellectual functioning and development.

Question 15

Several decades ago,the gap between the IQ scores of African Americans and White Americans was estimated to be about 15 IQ points.What do contemporary studies reveal about the gap?

Accepted Answer

Contemporary studies on the gap between IQ scores of African Americans and White Americans reveal that the gap is between 8 and 11 points, and not as high as 15 or 20 points as estimated earlier. However, there is still ongoing debate and research on the factors that contribute to this gap, including genetic and environmental factors.

Question 16

The correlation between IQ scores of identical twins raised together is found to be +.85 and the correlation between IQ scores of identical twins reared apart is found to be +.70.What is the most likely source of the .15 difference found between the two groups?

Accepted Answer

The .15 difference in correlation between identical twins raised together and those raised apart suggests that environmental factors may have played a role in their IQ scores. If genetics were the only factor, we would expect the correlations to be identical for both groups. Sampling errors and validity of the assessment tool are less likely explanations for the observed difference.

Question 17

One tradition has been to attribute group differences in IQ scores to differences in environments.To what does the other tradition attribute group differences in IQ scores?

Accepted Answer

The other tradition attributes group differences in IQ scores to genetics and other innate, biological factors rather than environmental differences. This perspective suggests that IQ differences are primarily determined by genetic factors rather than environmental factors.

Question 18

Studies have been done to explore the correlation between IQ score and genetic relationship.What have these studeis revealed?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that identical twins raised apart show higher correlations in their IQ scores than fraternal twins raised together, suggesting a strong genetic influence on IQ. This finding supports the notion that IQ is largely genetically determined, although environmental factors can still play a role. However, it is important to note that the heritability of intelligence is complex and influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

Question 19

According to a large-scale study of more than 26,000 children,what are the best predictors of a child's IQ at age four?

Accepted Answer

The study found that the family's socioeconomic status and the level of the mother's education were the best predictors of a child's IQ at age four.

Question 20

When the responses on a test of creativity are scored,the scorer finds that one individual has given a response to a question that no one else has given.Which creativity dimension will most likely receive a high score?

Accepted Answer

Uniqueness is the dimension that considers how rare or uncommon a response is compared to others. If one individual has given a response that no one else has given, this shows a high level of uniqueness and creativity in their thinking.

Quiz 10: A: Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment