Question 1

Your research hypothesis is that there is a negative association (as indicated by Kendall's tau-b) between social class and happiness with life. Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____.
Symmetric Measures
$\begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|r|}
\hline & \text { Value } & {\begin{array}{c}
\text { Asymp. Std. } \
\text { Error? }
\end{array}} & \text { Approx. T? } & \text { Approx, Sig. } \
\hline \text { Ordinal by Ordinal Kendall's tau-b } & .199 & .088 & 2.210 & .027 \
\text { N of Valid Cases } & 122 & & & \
\hline
\end{array}$
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
A) null hypothesis … skipped … not rejected
B) null hypothesis … .0135 … rejected
C) research hypothesis … .0135 … rejected
D) research hypothesis … .027 … not rejected

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

What kinds of questions can you answer using tests of significance for measures of association?

Accepted Answer

Is the association between these two variables statistically significant? Is there a significant positive association between these two variables? A significant negative association?

Question 3

For which of the following inferential statistics must you identify hypotheses as one-tailed or two-tailed?
A) chi-square
B) F ratio
C) t statistic
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Hypotheses must be identified as one-tailed or two-tailed for t statistics. For chi-square and F ratio, the direction of the hypothesis is not relevant.

Question 4

In SPSS output the significance levels for regression coefficients are not marked as one- or two-tailed. That means they are
A) one-tailed significance levels
B) two-tailed significance levels
C) universal significance levels (the same value for one- and two-tailed tests)

Accepted Answer

The default output of SPSS does not indicate whether a significance level is one-tailed or two-tailed. However, in regression analysis, it is generally assumed that the significance levels are two-tailed, unless there is a specific reason to expect a one-tailed test. Therefore, the most appropriate choice is B, indicating that the significance levels for regression coefficients are two-tailed in the SPSS output.

Question 5

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant relationship between nationality and religious affiliation?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) Linear Regression
D) One-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

The best choice would be Chi-square since it is used to test the relationship between two categorical variables. In this case, nationality and religious affiliation are both categorical variables. The other procedures listed are not appropriate for testing the relationship between two categorical variables.

Question 6

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Does gender have a significant net effect on amount given to charity after controlling for age and personal earnings?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) Linear Regression
D) One-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

To determine the net effect of gender on amount given to charity, while controlling for age and personal earnings, a linear regression analysis would be the most appropriate procedure. Linear regression allows for the analysis of the relationship between a dependent variable (amount given to charity) and one or more independent variables (gender, age, and personal earnings), while controlling for the effects of the other variables. This will help determine if gender has a significant effect on amount given to charity after accounting for the effects of age and personal earnings.

Question 7

Based on this correlation matrix, which of the following is true?
Correlations$\begin{array}{|ll|r|r|r|r|}
\hline & \text { AGE } & \text { EDUC } & \text { HOURS } & \text { TVHOURS } \
\hline \text { AGE } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & 1 & .112^{\circ} &{.226^{\circ}} & -.079 \
& \text { Sig. (2-tailed) } & & .038 & .001 & .220 \
& \mathrm{~N} & 341 & 341 & 211 & 240 \
\hline \text { EDUC } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & .112^{\circ} & 1 & .037 & -.240^{\prime \prime} \
& \text { Sig. (2-tailed) } & .038 & & .593 & .000 \
& \mathrm{~N} & 341 & 341 & 211 & 240 \
\hline \text { HOURS } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & .226^{\circ} & .037 & 1 & -.049 \
& \text { Sig. (2-tailed) } & .001 & .593 & & .560 \
& \mathrm{~N} & 211 & 211 & 211 & 146 \
\hline \text { TVHOURS } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & .079 & -.240^{\prime \prime} & -.049 & 1 \
& \text { Sig. (2-tailed) } & .220 & .000 & .560 & \
& \mathrm{~N} & 240 & 240 & 146 & 240 \
\hline
\end{array}$
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
A) There is a significant negative correlation between AGE and EDUC.
B) There is a significant negative correlation between AGE and TVHOURS.
C) There is a significant negative correlation between EDUC and TVHOURS.
D) There is a significant negative correlation between HOURS and TVHOURS.

Accepted Answer

The correlation between EDUC and TVHOURS is -.240, which is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) as indicated by the significance value of .000.

Question 8

Your research hypothesis is that there is a positive correlation between AGE and years of schooling (EDUC) . Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____.
Correlations
$\begin{array}{|ll|r|r|}
\hline & & {\text { AGE }} & \text { EDUC } \
\hline \text { AGE } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & 1 & .190^{\circ} \
& \text { Sig-(2-tailed) } & & .036 \
& \mathrm{~N} & 122 & 122 \
\hline \text { EDUC } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & -190^{\circ} & 1 \
& \text { Sig-(2-tailed) } & .036 & \
& \mathrm{~N} & 122 & 122 \
\hline
\end{array}$
*. Correlation is significant at the $0.05$ level (2tailed).
A) null hypothesis … skipped … not rejected
B) research hypothesis … .018 … rejected
C) research hypothesis … .036 … not rejected
D) research hypothesis … .036 … rejected

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your research hypothesis is that there is...

Question 9

Which of the following conclusions is supported by these regression results?
$\begin{array}{|l|l|r|r|r|r|r|}
\hline & \text { Unstandardized Coefficients }&&\text { Standardized  Coefficients} \
\hline  \text { Model } & {\text { B }} & \text { Std. Error } & {\text { Beta }} &{t} & \text { Sig. } \
\hline 1 & 1.873 & 2.512 & & .746 & .456 \
& \text { (Constant) } & -.018 & .045 & -.021 & -388 & .698 \
\text { AGE } & .030 & .088 & .018 & 337 & .737 \
\text { CHILDREN } & .396 & .051 & .420 & 7.688 & .000 \
\text { EDUC } & -294 & .112 & -139 & -2.623 & .009 \
\hline
\end{array}$
A) AGE has a significant positive net effect on SCIFACTS.
B) CHILDREN has a significant positive net effect on SCIFACTS.
C) EDUC has a significant positive net effect on SCIFACTS.
D) RELINTEN has a significant positive net effect on SCIFACTS.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following conclusions is supported...

Question 10

Which variable has a significant net effect on willingness to allow legal abortion (ABORTOK)?
Coefficients"
$\begin{array}{|ll|r|r|r|r|r|}
\hline &&\text { Unstandardized Coefficients}&&\text {Standardized Coeficients}\
 \text { Model } &&{\text { B }} & \text { Std. Error } & {\text { Beta }} & {\mathrm{t}} & {\text { Sig. }} \
\hline 1 & \text { (Constant) } & 2.327 & 1.648 & & 1.412 & .160 \
& \text { AGE } & .034 & .058 & .042 & .584 & 560 \
& \text { EDUC } & .100 & .064 & .117 & 1.560 & .120 \
& \text { RELINTEN } & -.729 & .202 & -.257 & -3.606 & .000 \
& \text { SIBLINGS } & -.036 & .078 & -.034 & -.461 & .646 \
\hline
\end{array}$
a. Dependent Variable: ABORTOK
A) AGE
B) EDUC
C) RELINTEN
D) SIBLINGS

Accepted Answer

RELINTEN has a significant net effect on willingness to allow legal abortion (ABORTOK) as indicated by its significance level (Sig.) of .000, which is below the common alpha level of .05 used to determine statistical significance.

Question 11

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant positive correlation between strength of attachment to a religion and amount given to charity?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) One-Sample T Test
D) One-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

The best choice would be Bivariate Correlation because it allows you to test the strength of the relationship between two continuous variables, in this case, strength of attachment to a religion and amount given to charity. It also allows you to determine if this relationship is statistically significant.

Question 12

Your research hypothesis is that there is an association (as indicated by Cramer's V) between race and highest educational degree. Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____.
$$\begin{array}{l}
\text { Symmetric Measures }\
\begin{array} { | l l | r | r | } 
\hline & & \text { Value } & \text { Approx, Sig. } \
\hline \text { Nominal by Nominal } & \text { Phi } & .278 & .000 \
& \text { Cramer's V } & .196 & .000 \
 { \mathrm { N } \text { of Valid Cases } } & & 450 & \
\hline
\end{array}
\end{array}$$
A) null hypothesis … .000 … not rejected
B) null hypothesis … skipped … rejected
C) research hypothesis … .000 … rejected
D) research hypothesis … skipped … not rejected

Accepted Answer

The significance level is .000, which is less than the typical alpha level of .05. Therefore, the results are statistically significant and the null hypothesis is rejected. The research hypothesis is that there is an association between race and highest educational degree, so the results are consistent with the research hypothesis.

Question 13

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Do the countries of North America, South America, Europe, and Oceania significantly differ in average national life expectancy?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Independent-Sample T Test
C) One-way ANOVA
D) Two-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

One-way ANOVA is used for comparing means of three or more groups, which is the case in this question with four different continents. Bivariate correlation is used when examining the relationship between two continuous variables, and independent-sample t-test is used when comparing means of two groups. Two-way ANOVA is used when there are two independent variables and one dependent variable.

Question 14

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Does a nation's level of economic development have a significant negative net effect on its population growth rate after controlling for climate and religion?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Independent-Sample T Test
C) Linear Regression
D) One-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

Linear regression would be the best choice as it allows for the examination of the relationship between a dependent variable (population growth rate) and multiple independent variables (level of economic development, climate, and religion) while controlling for the influence of other variables. This allows for the examination of the net effect of economic development on population growth rate while accounting for the influence of climate and religion. Bivariate correlation and independent-sample t-test are not appropriate for examining the relationship between multiple variables, and one-way ANOVA is used to compare group means rather than examining the relationship between variables.

Question 15

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant difference between the average national population growth rates of South American and North American countries?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Independent-Sample T Test
C) Linear Regression
D) One-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

The best choice is an Independent-Sample T Test, as it is used to compare the means of two groups (in this case, South American and North American countries) and determine if there is a statistically significant difference between them. One-way ANOVA could also be considered, but it is typically used for comparing the means of three or more groups. Bivariate Correlation and Linear Regression are not appropriate for comparing group means.

Question 16

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant difference in the average amount given to charity by Americans, Germans, Japanese, and Swedes?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) Linear Regression
D) One-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

One-way ANOVA is the appropriate procedure to compare means between more than two groups. In this case, we have four groups (Americans, Germans, Japanese, and Swedes) and we want to compare the mean amount given to charity. Bivariate correlation is used when we want to investigate the relationship between two continuous variables. Chi-square is used to test the independence of two categorical variables. Linear regression is used to predict the value of a continuous variable based on one or more predictor variables.

Question 17

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant negative correlation between a nation's level of economic development and its population growth rate?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Independent-Sample T Test
C) One-Sample T Test
D) One-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

The best choice would be Bivariate Correlation as it allows you to examine the relationship between two continuous variables, which is exactly what the question is asking for. Furthermore, the use of Pearson's correlation coefficient would allow us to determine if there is a significant negative correlation between economic development level and population growth rate.

Question 18

Your research hypothesis is that there is an association (as indicated by Cramer's V) between race and highest educational degree. Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____.
$$\begin{array}{l}
\text { Symmetric Measures }\
\begin{array} { | l l | r | r | } 
\hline & & \text { Value } & \text { Approx. Sig. } \
\hline \text { Nominal by Nominal } & \text { Phi } & .217 & .382 \
& \text { Cramer's V } & .154 & .382 \
\text { N of Valid Cases } & & 135 & \
\hline
\end{array}
\end{array}$$
A) null hypothesis … skipped … not rejected
B) research hypothesis … skipped … rejected
C) research hypothesis … .154 … not rejected
D) research hypothesis … .382 … not rejected

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your research hypothesis is that there is...

Question 19

Your research hypothesis is that there is a positive correlation between a person's years of schooling (EDUC) and their mother's years of schooling (MAEDUC). Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____.
Correlations
$\begin{array}{|ll|r|r|r|r|}
\hline & &{\text { EDUC }} & \text { MAEDUC } & \text { PAEDUC } & \text { SPEDUC } \
\hline \text { EDUC } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & 1 & -.111 & .261^{*} & .120 \
& \text { Sig. (2-tailed) } & & .234 & .007 & 433 \
& \mathrm{~N} & 122 & 116 & 107 & 45 \
\hline \text { MAEDUC } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & -.111 & 1 & .356^{*} & .013 \
& \text { Sig. (2-tailed) } & .234 & & .000 & .931 \
& \mathrm{~N} & 116 & 116 & 104 & 44 \
\hline \text { PAEDUC } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & .261^{*} & .356^{*} & 1 & .030 \
& \text { Sig. (2-tailed) } & .007 & .000 & & .847 \
& \mathrm{~N} & 107 & 104 & 107 & 43 \
\hline \text { SPEDUC } & \text { Pearson Correlation } & .120 & .013 & .030 & 1 \
& \text { Sig. (2-tailed) } & .433 & .931 & .847 & \
& \mathrm{~N} & 45 & 44 & 43 & 45 \
\hline
\end{array}$
**. Correlation is significant at the $0.01$ level (2-tailed).
A) null hypothesis … skipped … not rejected
B) null hypothesis … .117 … not rejected
C) research hypothesis … .117 … not rejected
D) research hypothesis … .234 … not rejected

Accepted Answer

The sample results show a negative correlation (-.111) between EDUC and MAEDUC with a significance level of .234, which is not significant. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not rejected.

Question 20

Your research hypothesis is that there is an association (as indicated by Kendall's tau-b) between social class and political orientation. Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____.
Symmetric Measures
$\begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|r|}
\hline & \text { Value } & {\begin{array}{c}
\text { Asymp. Std. } \
\text { Error? }
\end{array}} & \text { Approx. T? } & \text { Approx, Sig. } \
\hline \text { Ordinal by Ordinal Kendall's tau-b } & -.031 & .082 & -.385 & .700 \
\text { N of Valid Cases } & 119 & & & \
\hline
\end{array}$
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
A) null hypothesis … skipped … not rejected
B) null hypothesis … .350 … not rejected
C) research hypothesis … .skipped … not rejected
D) research hypothesis … .700 … not rejected

Accepted Answer

The significance level is .700, indicating that the p-value is much higher than the conventional threshold (e.g., .05), suggesting that the null hypothesis, which posits no association between social class and political orientation, is not rejected.

Quiz 16: Hypothesis Testing With Measures of Association and Regression

What kinds of questions can you answer using tests of significance for measures of association?

For which of the following inferential statistics must you identify hypotheses as one-tailed or two-tailed?

In SPSS output the significance levels for regression coefficients are not marked as one- or two-tailed. That means they are

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant relationship between nationality and religious affiliation?"

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Does gender have a significant net effect on amount given to charity after controlling for age and personal earnings?"

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant positive correlation between strength of attachment to a religion and amount given to charity?"

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Do the countries of North America, South America, Europe, and Oceania significantly differ in average national life expectancy?"

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Does a nation's level of economic development have a significant negative net effect on its population growth rate after controlling for climate and religion?"

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant difference between the average national population growth rates of South American and North American countries?"

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant difference in the average amount given to charity by Americans, Germans, Japanese, and Swedes?"

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant negative correlation between a nation's level of economic development and its population growth rate?"