Question 1

Hermann Ebbinghaus studied forgetting by measuring the amount of time he required to relearn the same list of syllables.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who conducted experiments on memory and forgetting in the late 19th century. He created a list of meaningless syllables and measured how much time it took him to remember and relearn the list at various intervals after the initial learning. His research contributed to the development of the learning curve and the forgetting curve, which describe how memory retention and forgetting occur over time.

Question 2

Brain images indicated that the hippocampus was more active during novel, nontransitive judgments.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 3

Which of the following is not an aspect of encoding?

Accepted Answer

Retention is not an aspect of encoding. Encoding refers to the process of taking in information and converting it into a form that can be stored in memory. Levels of processing, imagery, and type of organization are all aspects of encoding, as they determine how deeply and effectively information is encoded. Retention, on the other hand, refers to the ability to later recall or retrieve information that has already been encoded and stored in memory.

Question 4

Tolman proposed that developing cognitive maps involves a form of cognition very similar to habit formation.

Accepted Answer

Tolman proposed that developing cognitive maps involves a form of cognition that is more complex and flexible than simple habit formation, suggesting that animals and humans can learn about their environment in a way that allows for the creation and use of mental representations of that environment.

Question 5

Behavioral memory is measured by examples of _________.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral memory refers to the memory of motor tasks, such as riding a bike or playing a musical instrument. It does not involve explicit statements or cognitive tasks. Overall memory is a broad term that could refer to any type of memory, so it is not specific to behavioral memory.

Question 6

Implicit memory is tested through word stems, when subjects are asked to respond with the first word that comes to their mind.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Implicit memory can be tested through word stem completion tasks, in which participants are given a word stem (e.g., "cat") and must come up with the first word that comes to mind (e.g., "catch"). This type of task assesses implicit memory because participants are not consciously trying to remember specific information, but rather are simply responding based on their past experiences and associations.

Question 7

Research indicates that mere exposure to material does not necessarily lead to a better memory for it.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that exposure to material alone does not significantly improve memory retention. Other factors such as attention, processing depth, and meaningfulness of the material also play a crucial role in improving memory.

Question 8

If you study for a test while drinking coffee, you should take coffee into the test with you, according to state-dependent learning principles.

Accepted Answer

According to state-dependent learning principles, information learned in one physiological state is more easily recalled when in the same state. Therefore, if you study for a test while drinking coffee, being in a similar state (caffeinated) during the test could facilitate recall.

Question 9

H.M.'s problems are exclusively related to short-term memory loss.

Accepted Answer

H.M., also known as Henry Molaison, had problems with both short-term memory loss and the ability to form new long-term memories after undergoing surgery to alleviate seizures, which involved the removal of his hippocampus.

Question 10

"Knowing that" something is true is also called _________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Declarative memory refers to the memory of facts, events, and information that can be consciously retrieved and declared. Knowing that a piece of information is true falls under declarative memory. Procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform a task or skill. Syntax refers to the rules of language structure. Implicit memory refers to non-conscious memories, such as motor skills or conditioning.

Question 11

The term declarative memory was borrowed from literature about artificial memory.

Accepted Answer

The term declarative memory was indeed borrowed from literature about artificial memory, specifically from the field of computer science and artificial intelligence. The term was coined by Tulving and Osler (1968) in their seminal paper on long-term memory.

Question 12

Simonides used a memory technique called ________ to remember where guests were sitting in a banquet hall just before the roof collapsed on them.

Accepted Answer

Simonides used the Method of Loci to remember where guests were sitting in a banquet hall. This technique involves associating information with specific locations or places, and then mentally walking through those places to recall the information later.

Question 13

Chase and Simon (1973) found that chess experts did not have a better memory for chess piece location on a chess board than novices if ________.

Accepted Answer

Chase and Simon (1973) found that chess experts did not have a better memory for chess piece location on a chess board than novices if the chess pieces were randomly placed on the board. This suggests that the experts' superior memory was based on their ability to use meaningful patterns and chunking of information rather than simply having a better memory for random information.

Question 14

The hippocampus supports the creation and expression for spatial memory but not for nonspatial memory.

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus supports the creation and expression of both spatial and nonspatial memories, playing a crucial role in forming, organizing, and storing memories across various domains.

Question 15

Which of the following would lead to a better memory for the word "horse?"

Accepted Answer

Placing the word "horse" in a context, such as the sentence "He rode his horse into town," provides meaning and helps the brain create connections for better memory retention.

Question 16

The man who discovered Velcro developed it after he saw that burrs stick to a dog's fur. This is a specific example of a(n) ___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The man who discovered Velcro developed it...

Question 17

When material is analyzed from its superficial physical qualities to its deep level of meaning it is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Level of processing refers to the depth at which information is thought about or engaged with, ranging from shallow (superficial qualities) to deep (meaning).

Question 18

If Steve is told before reading a story that he will have a memory test over it this is called ________ learning but if he was given the story to read and then he is tested over it without being told beforehand it is called ________ learning.

Accepted Answer

Intentional learning refers to a learner's awareness of the fact that they are attempting to learn something, whereas incidental learning occurs without any conscious effort to learn. In this scenario, if Steve is told beforehand that he will have a memory test over the story, this is intentional learning. If he is not informed about the test and is simply given the story to read, then tested over it later, this is incidental learning. Therefore, the correct choice is C - intentional; incidental.

Question 19

Cramming for a test is more effective than spaced practice over time.

Accepted Answer

Spaced practice over time is more effective than cramming for a test. When learning is spaced out, the brain has time to consolidate information and make neural connections, leading to better retention and recall of information in the long term. Cramming may lead to short-term memory recall, but the information is quickly forgotten.

Question 20

When applying to graduate schools you are told that it is harder to get into a clinical psychology program compared to an experimental psychology program and it is harder to get into an experimental psychology program than a social work program. You deduce that it is harder to get into a clinical psychology program compared to a social work program through ____________.

Accepted Answer

Transitive inference is the ability to deduce the relationship between two items that have not been explicitly compared before. In this scenario, the student has compared the difficulty of getting into clinical psychology, experimental psychology, and social work programs and deduced that clinical psychology is harder to get into than social work. This is an example of transitive inference. Implicit memory refers to the ability to remember information without conscious effort, declarative inference is not a recognized term, and procedural memory involves the ability to remember how to perform specific tasks.

Quiz 8: Cognitive Memory