Question 1

Which statement best describes how an earthworm moves?

Accepted Answer

Earthworms move by alternately contracting their longitudinal and circular muscles, which shortens and lengthens their bodies, respectively, allowing them to push forward through the soil.

Question 2

Which statement about exoskeletons is true?

Accepted Answer

The inner layer of the arthropod exoskeleton, known as the endocuticle, provides a surface for muscle attachment, allowing for movement. This is a key feature of arthropod exoskeletons, facilitating their mobility and interaction with the environment.

Question 3

The glycolytic system by which muscles obtain ATP

Accepted Answer

The glycolytic system, also known as anaerobic glycolysis, produces ATP through the breakdown of glucose without oxygen, resulting in the production of lactic acid as a by-product. This process is less efficient than aerobic metabolism but allows for rapid ATP production over short periods.

Question 4

A major disadvantage of the glycolytic system for supplying ATP to muscle fibers is

Accepted Answer

The glycolytic system produces ATP quickly but leads to the accumulation of lactic acid, which can cause muscle fatigue and discomfort. Additionally, the glycolytic system is less efficient than aerobic respiration in generating ATP. The time required to start supplying ATP is actually quite short compared to aerobic respiration, as it can begin producing ATP within seconds of muscle contraction. The need for numerous mitochondria and a high density of capillaries is indicative of the oxidative system, not the glycolytic system.

Question 5

The three systems by which muscles obtain ATP

Accepted Answer

The three systems for muscle ATP production (phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative) differ in their capacity and rate at which they produce ATP. The phosphagen system produces ATP quickly but has limited capacity, while the oxidative system produces ATP slowly but has a high capacity. The glycolytic system falls between the two in terms of both capacity and rate of ATP production.

Question 6

Which statement about the endoskeletons of vertebrates is true?

Accepted Answer

Endoskeletons of vertebrates allow the animals to expand as they grow without the need for molting. This is because bones can grow with the animal and do not need to be shed and replaced like exoskeletons.

Question 7

An advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that an endoskeleton

Accepted Answer

An advantage of an endoskeleton is that it can grow as the animal grows. This means that the animal does not need to shed its skeleton in order to grow, which is not possible with an exoskeleton.

Question 8

After the first 15 minutes of a 10-km run, the major energy requirements of the leg muscles are supplied by

Accepted Answer

After the first 15 minutes of a 10-km run, the major energy requirements of the leg muscles are supplied by oxidative metabolism. Glycolysis and preformed ATP provide energy for the initial stages of the run, but for endurance activities like long-distance running, oxidative metabolism becomes the primary energy source as it is more efficient at producing ATP. Pyruvate and lactate are byproducts of glycolysis, but they do not provide significant energy during the later stages of a 10-km run. Consuming a high-protein drink right before a run may provide some energy, but it is not the primary energy source for the leg muscles during the run.

Question 9

Refer to the graph showing the capacity of three systems that provide ATP for muscle contraction.  Based on the graph, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

Curve B represents the system of anaerobic glycolysis, which can come online within seconds but lacks sustained efficiency. Curve A represents the phosphagen system, which uses preformed ATP and creatine phosphate, while curve C represents the oxidative system, which enables slow-twitch fibers to generate force for prolonged periods. Therefore, options A, C, D, and E are incorrect based on the information provided by the graph.

Question 10

When a clown at a birthday party squeezes a long balloon to twist it into a poodle or a hat, the volume of air inside the balloon stretches the balloon and extends its length and stays constant.This example is analogous to the action of muscles on the

Accepted Answer

The scenario given in the question is analogous to the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton. Just like the balloon, in hydrostatic skeleton, a fluid-filled cavity (similar to the air inside the balloon) is surrounded by muscles that compress and extend the cavity, creating movement in the body part. The volume of the fluid remains constant, just like the volume of air inside the balloon.

Question 11

Which of the following is a benefit of the tough exoskeleton of arthropods that might help explain their tremendous evolutionary success?

Accepted Answer

The tough exoskeleton of arthropods provides protection against abrasion and serves as attachment sites for muscles, which allows for efficient movement and support. This has helped arthropods to be incredibly successful in adapting to their environment and evolving new forms over time.

Question 12

Refer to the graph showing the capacity of three systems that provide ATP for muscle contraction.  A marathon runner relies mostly on

Accepted Answer

The capacity of system C, which represents aerobic respiration, is the highest and can provide ATP for longer periods of time. Marathon runners rely mostly on aerobic respiration to provide sustained energy for their long-distance race.

Question 13

Which statement about the skeletal system of the clam is true?

Accepted Answer

The skeletal system of the clam consists of a shell, which is primarily made up of protein and crystals of calcium carbonate. This shell provides protection and support for the clam's internal organs.

Answer: D
 Muscles are attached to the endoskeleton of the clam by tendons, which allow for movement of the shell and overall body. Ligaments are not used to attach muscles to the skeleton in the clam.

Question 14

Insect flight muscles can contract as fast as _______ times per second, which is _______ hummingbird flight muscles.

Accepted Answer

Insect flight muscles can contract as fast as 1,000 times per second, which is many times faster than hummingbird flight muscles.

Question 15

Which of the following is a major difference between strength training and aerobic exercise?

Accepted Answer

The major difference between strength training and aerobic exercise is that only aerobic exercise increases the oxidative capacity of muscles. This means that aerobic exercise enhances the body's ability to use oxygen to produce energy, while strength training primarily focuses on building muscle strength and size.

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the systems that supplies muscles with the ATP needed for contraction?

Accepted Answer

The Haversian system, also known as the osteon, is a structural unit of compact bone tissue in the skeletal system. It is not a system that supplies muscles with ATP needed for contraction. The immediate, glycolytic, and oxidative systems are the three energy systems that supply muscles with ATP. The system that creates lactate is a subset of the glycolytic system.

Question 17

The total energy supply in all the muscles of the human body (in the form of ATP and creatine phosphate) is about 10 kilocalories.When a human is sitting at rest, how long does it take the body to metabolize this amount of energy?

Accepted Answer

At rest, the human body consumes roughly 1 kilocalorie per minute. Therefore, to metabolize 10 kilocalories, it would take approximately 10 minutes.

Question 18

Refer to the graph showing the capacity of three systems that provide ATP for muscle contraction.  A short-distance world-record champion running a 400-meter race in 43 seconds relies mostly on

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the graph showing the capacity...

Question 19

Which statement about skeletons is true?

Accepted Answer

The two categories of bone, membranous and cartilage bone, are indeed classified based on their mode of formation. Membranous bones develop directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue, while cartilage bones form by replacing cartilage. This is a fundamental aspect of skeletal biology.

Question 20

Satellite cells are characterized in part by their ability to

Accepted Answer

Satellite cells are stem cells located in skeletal muscle tissue that can divide and differentiate into new muscle fibers. This ability to produce new muscle fibers is their defining characteristic. Satellite cells are involved in muscle growth and repair, as well as in responding to exercise and other forms of stress on the muscle tissue.

Quiz 47: Musculoskeletal Systems