Question 1

The Yerkes-Dodson law,which characterizes the relation between arousal and performance,is characterized graphically as a(n):
A) U-shaped function.
B) inverted U-shaped function.
C) linear function.
D) exponential function.

Accepted Answer

The Yerkes-Dodson law describes an inverted U-shaped function where performance increases with arousal up to a certain point, after which further increases in arousal lead to a decline in performance. Therefore, option B (inverted U-shaped function) is the best choice.

Question 2

A child who was not given milk to drink began to eat chalk from the blackboard in his room to replace the missing calcium.This behavior is an example of:
A) self-regulation.
B) incentives.
C) a positive feedback system.
D) homeostasis.

Accepted Answer

The behavior of eating chalk to replace missing calcium is an example of homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a stable internal environment by the body. The child's body was lacking calcium, and so it prompted the child to seek out a source of calcium, which happened to be the chalk. This behavior helped the child to maintain a stable level of calcium in the body.

Question 3

Jenna plans to be an engineer.However,she loves to dance and makes time in her life to take dance classes,even if it means that she must skip a meal or get too little sleep.Jenna's behavior is easily explained by ________ theory,but is difficult to explain with ________ theory.
A) Cannon's; Freud's
B) Freud's; Hull's
C) Cannon's; Hull's
D) Maslow's; Cannon's

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jenna plans to be an engineer.However,she loves...

Question 4

During recess,children are trying to get the two ends of a seesaw perfectly balanced.If one side is too low,a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child; if one side is too high,a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one.By analogy to a biological state,the children are trying to create ________,by mimicking a process of ________.
A) drive satisfaction; arousal
B) arousal; needs
C) equilibrium; homeostasis
D) homeostasis; negative feedback

Accepted Answer

The situation described is trying to achieve equilibrium, or balance, which is similar to the biological concept of homeostasis. The process of swapping out children to adjust the balance is similar to negative feedback, but that term is not explicitly mentioned in the prompt, so choice D is not the best answer. Choices A and B don't accurately describe the situation.

Question 5

Robert becomes anxious during exams.He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down.According to Hull,over time Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become ________ due to ________.
A) more effective; positive reinforcement
B) less effective; extinction
C) permanent; positive reinforcement
D) habitual; negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

According to Hull, behavior that is reinforced tends to become habitual, and Robert's behavior of chewing on the eraser has been reinforced by the reduction in anxiety it produces. This reinforcement is negative, as it removes an aversive stimulus (anxiety), making it more likely that Robert will continue to engage in the behavior in the future. Therefore, over time, his pencil chewing is likely to become habitual due to negative reinforcement.

Question 6

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life.During her recent pregnancy,she gained 10 pounds.Within a few months,Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds.For Ruth,130 pounds was a(n)________,and her body went back to it through a process of ________.
A) optimal weight; equilibrium
B) set-point; equilibrium
C) set-point; homeostasis
D) optimal weight; homeostasis

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her...

Question 7

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he needs to earn only 43 of 100 points on the final exam to receive an A in the class.Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to get an A on the exam.Cesar's behavior is being motivated by a(n):
A) drive.
B) need.
C) habit.
D) incentive.

Accepted Answer

Cesar's behavior is being motivated by an incentive, as he wants to receive an A on the exam even though he only needs to earn 43 points for an overall A in the class.

Question 8

Pavati is a competitive gymnast and has made it to the final round of the Olympic trials.She is intensely motivated to perform at her absolute peak.Given your knowledge of the Yerkes-Dodson law and the effects of arousal on performance,you might advise her that she should ________,because ________.
A) calm down; very high arousal can hurt her performance
B) calm down; she will lose focus and hurt her performance
C) stay intensely motivated; very high arousal will help her performance
D) stay intensely motivated; calmness will lead to more errors

Accepted Answer

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, there is an optimal level of arousal for performance, and very high arousal can hurt performance. Pavati is already motivated, so the focus should be on calming down to reach the optimal level of arousal for her to perform at her peak level.

Question 9

Thabo is about to take the admissions exam for law school.He knows that anxiety can hurt test performance,so he deliberately makes himself very relaxed before going into the exam.He proceeds through the exam very calmly,without feeling rushed or pressured.He is shocked when time is called before he finishes.He would have been less shocked had he known about:
A) Hull's drive theory.
B) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
C) Cannon's theory of homeostasis.
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Accepted Answer

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that performance increases with arousal or anxiety up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. Thabo's deliberate relaxation may have lowered his anxiety to a point where his performance was not optimal.

Question 10

Luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night.During his spring break,however,he sleeps 10 hours just because he enjoys it so much.This finding is a problem for which theory?
A) Maslow's theory
B) Yerkes-Dodson theory
C) Hull's theory
D) Freud's theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of Luke needs about seven hours of sleep...

Question 11

Freud's pleasure principle may explain why:
A) animals prefer to eat sweets.
B) we have sex to reproduce.
C) people self-regulate.
D) sour foods are considered delicacies.

Accepted Answer

Freud's pleasure principle states that people seek pleasure and avoid pain. Animals (including humans) generally find sweet foods pleasurable because they contain high levels of glucose, which the body uses for energy. Therefore, animals are naturally drawn to sweets as a way to satisfy their pleasure principle.

Question 12

Negative feedback models describe the process of:
A) equilibrium.
B) homeostasis.
C) drive fulfillment.
D) goal setting.

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback models involve a process in which a deviation from a set point results in a response that opposes the deviation and returns the system to its set point, which is characteristic of the concept of homeostasis. This process is seen in various biological systems, such as temperature regulation and blood sugar control.

Question 13

The purpose of homeostatic behaviors is to:
A) generate a drive to satisfy a need.
B) stabilize conditions in the body.
C) create a state of arousal.
D) both A and C

Accepted Answer

Homeostatic behaviors are actions that help maintain homeostasis, which is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite fluctuations in the external environment. The purpose of such behaviors is to stabilize conditions in the body and maintain a consistent balance of certain key variables such as body temperature, water balance, and blood sugar levels. While homeostatic behaviors may generate a drive to satisfy a need (such as thirst or hunger), their ultimate goal is to maintain stability rather than create a state of arousal.

Question 14

From an evolutionary perspective,pleasure ________ survival and reproduction,by ________.
A) promotes; facilitating adaptive behaviors
B) hinders; interfering with adaptive learning from painful experience
C) hinders; facilitating maladaptive excessive behaviors
D) promotes; interfering with maladaptive responses to painful experience

Accepted Answer

Pleasure promotes survival and reproduction by facilitating adaptive behaviors such as seeking food, engaging in sexual activity, and forming social bonds. Pleasure is a key motivator for these behaviors, which are essential for the continuation of genetic material and the survival of the species.

Question 15

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine.Because she really does not like to exercise,she decides to reward herself.If she goes to the gym every day for two weeks,she will buy herself a new pair of shoes.Shana's behavior is being motivated by a(n):
A) need.
B) habit.
C) incentive.
D) goal.

Accepted Answer

Shana is being motivated by the incentive of buying a new pair of shoes.

Question 16

Marissa is learning to make soup.She is not sure how high the flame on the burner should be in order to cook it properly.On her first attempt,she uses such a low flame that the soup is not done in time for dinner.The next time,she uses a high flame,and the soup boils over.Finally,she uses a flame that is just high enough.Marissa's experience is analogous to the relationship between:
A) needs and drives.
B) drives and arousal.
C) arousal and performance.
D) needs and performance.

Accepted Answer

Marissa's experience with making soup is similar to the concept of arousal and performance. If the arousal level (flame) is too low, the performance (soup cooking) suffers and if it is too high, it can lead to negative consequences (boiling over). Only when the arousal level is optimal (flame just high enough), can the performance (soup cooking) be successful.

Question 17

Theories of motivation that are based on biological drives have trouble explaining why people engage in behaviors that:
A) do not satisfy biological needs.
B) do not generate high levels of arousal.
C) are not motivated by specific goals.
D) are maladaptive and habitual.

Accepted Answer

Theories of motivation based on biological drives, such as drive-reduction theory, focus on satisfying basic physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sex. However, people also engage in behaviors that do not necessarily satisfy these needs, such as pursuing hobbies or engaging in altruistic acts. These behaviors can be motivated by higher-level needs such as self-actualization or a desire for personal growth, which cannot be fully explained by biological drives.

Question 18

Antheia is a real risk-taker.She loves to skydive,and she can party all night.Fabio enjoys some risky activities,such as mountain biking,but he prefers moderation in most things.Benita dislikes risk-taking and prefers quieter activities,such as reading and yoga.Antheia,Fabio,and Benita differ in their:
A) preferred level of exercise.
B) drive to achieve.
C) need for security.
D) optimal level of arousal.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Antheia is a real risk-taker.She loves to...

Question 19

According to Hull,a drive:
A) creates homeostasis to achieve equilibrium.
B) can be replaced by a habit through reinforcement.
C) increases proportionally to the amount of deprivation.
D) operates according to a negative feedback model.

Accepted Answer

According to Clark L. Hull, a drive is directly proportional to the level of deprivation, meaning that as a person becomes more deprived of a particular need, their drive to satisfy that need increases accordingly. This concept is known as the "drive reduction theory," and it suggests that the ultimate goal of behavior is to achieve homeostasis or a sense of equilibrium by reducing the drive that motivates the behavior. Therefore, option C is the best choice. The other options are incorrect because option A implies that a drive creates homeostasis, which is the opposite of what Hull suggests, as the drive motivates the behavior to restore homeostasis; option B relates to the process of habit formation, which is not directly related to the concept of drive; and option D refers to a negative feedback model, which is not discussed in the context of Hull's theory.

Question 20

Reiko is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days.She finally realizes she is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep.Reiko's exhaustion is a(n)________,and going home to sleep is a(n)________.
A) goal; incentive
B) incentive; goal
C) need; drive
D) drive; need

Accepted Answer

Reiko's exhaustion is a physiological need, which creates a drive for her to sleep. Going home to sleep is her response to fulfilling that need and reducing the drive. Therefore, the correct answer is option C, where "need" and "drive" correctly describe Reiko's situation. Option A and B are incorrect as they imply a sense of motivation or reward, which is not applicable in this scenario. Option D is incorrect as it reverses the order of need and drive.

Quiz 10: Emotion and Motivation

The Yerkes-Dodson law,which characterizes the relation between arousal and performance,is characterized graphically as a(n) :

A child who was not given milk to drink began to eat chalk from the blackboard in his room to replace the missing calcium.This behavior is an example of:

Jenna plans to be an engineer.However,she loves to dance and makes time in her life to take dance classes,even if it means that she must skip a meal or get too little sleep.Jenna's behavior is easily explained by theory,but is difficult to explain with theory.

Robert becomes anxious during exams.He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down.According to Hull,over time Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become due to .

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life.During her recent pregnancy,she gained 10 pounds.Within a few months,Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds.For Ruth,130 pounds was a(n) ,and her body went back to it through a process of .

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he needs to earn only 43 of 100 points on the final exam to receive an A in the class.Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to get an A on the exam.Cesar's behavior is being motivated by a(n) :

Pavati is a competitive gymnast and has made it to the final round of the Olympic trials.She is intensely motivated to perform at her absolute peak.Given your knowledge of the Yerkes-Dodson law and the effects of arousal on performance,you might advise her that she should ,because .

Luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night.During his spring break,however,he sleeps 10 hours just because he enjoys it so much.This finding is a problem for which theory?

Freud's pleasure principle may explain why:

Negative feedback models describe the process of:

The purpose of homeostatic behaviors is to:

From an evolutionary perspective,pleasure survival and reproduction,by .

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine.Because she really does not like to exercise,she decides to reward herself.If she goes to the gym every day for two weeks,she will buy herself a new pair of shoes.Shana's behavior is being motivated by a(n) :

Theories of motivation that are based on biological drives have trouble explaining why people engage in behaviors that:

According to Hull,a drive:

Reiko is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days.She finally realizes she is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep.Reiko's exhaustion is a(n) ,and going home to sleep is a(n) .