Question 1

Thomas Hobbes
-According to Hobbes,deliberation is ______________,while the will is _______________.

Accepted Answer

According to Hobbes, deliberation is a process involving a succession of alternating desires and aversions, and the will is the final motivation that leads to action.

Question 2

René Descartes
-Descartes believes that while the mind is known by innate knowledge,the body

Accepted Answer

Descartes believed that the mind is known by innate knowledge, but the body is known by perception. He argued that we cannot trust our senses completely and questioned whether the things we perceive actually exist as they appear to us. Therefore, he considered the body to be a material substance that we can only know through sensory experience.

Question 3

Thomas Hobbes
-What is Hobbesian justice?

Accepted Answer

Hobbesian justice revolves around the idea of social contracts, where individuals agree to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to an authority (such as a sovereign or government) in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. This concept is central to Thomas Hobbes' political philosophy, particularly as articulated in his work "Leviathan," where he argues that the legitimacy of the state is derived from the consent of the governed, who agree to abide by its rules to avoid the state of nature, which Hobbes famously described as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

Question 4

Thomas Hobbes
-Which of the following is an example of "mental discourse" specific to human beings?

Accepted Answer

Mental discourse involves reasoning and thinking, which is demonstrated in Archimedes' knowledge about the sinking of gold in water. The other options either involve involuntary responses (A) or simple observation (B, D) without any cognitive processes involved.

Question 5

René Descartes
-How does Descartes attempt to convince Princess Elizabeth that she can,in fact,conceive of the soul and body as having contact and causal relations?

Accepted Answer

Descartes tries to convince Princess Elizabeth that she can conceive of the soul and body having contact and causal relations by drawing a parallel between his claim and her statement about the plausibility of a soul with extension. He argues that just as she finds it possible to conceive of a soul that occupies space, she can also conceive of how the soul interacts with the body, even though the two are fundamentally different types of substance.

Question 6

René Descartes
-According to Descartes,one's understanding of the soul and body as a unified whole is a(n)

Accepted Answer

Descartes considered the understanding of the soul and body as a unified whole to be a "primitive notion," meaning it is a basic concept that does not derive from something more fundamental. He believed that the mind (or soul) and body interact but are distinct substances, with the mind-body unity being a foundational or self-evident idea not derived from experience or logical deduction.

Question 7

Thomas Hobbes
-Which of the following is not a law of nature?

Accepted Answer

The need to do good to people out of moral duty is a moral principle, not a law of nature. The other options are related to social contract theory and the concept of natural law.

Question 8

Thomas Hobbes
-The "rights of nature" which each person possesses,includes

Accepted Answer

The "rights of nature" typically refer to the inherent rights that living beings and ecosystems have to exist, thrive, and evolve without human interference. One of the basic rights of nature is the right to preserve its own life, which applies to all living organisms, including animals, plants, and ecosystems. The other options are incorrect, as they either refer to human morality or violate the principle of non-harm to others.

Question 9

René Descartes
-The fact that God exists means that Descartes can be sure of

Accepted Answer

Descartes argued that the existence of a benevolent God ensures that humans can trust their capacity for clear and distinct reasoning. Thus, he believed that conclusions reached through clear and logical thinking can be considered correct. This does not extend to all thoughts, only those logically deduced.

Question 10

René Descartes
-Princess Elizabeth doubts that a human soul,as defined by Descartes,can have a causal,impelling relationship of contact with a human body,as defined by Descartes.She claims that cause for her doubt is

Accepted Answer

Descartes defined the soul as without extension, meaning it has no physical properties such as size or shape. This makes it difficult to see how it could have a causal relationship with the body, which is physical and extended. Princess Elizabeth is doubting the idea that something without physical properties could have a causal effect on something that is physical and extended.

Question 11

René Descartes
-Descartes concludes by returning to his former doubts and finds them to be

Accepted Answer

Descartes, through his method of systematic doubt, ultimately finds his former doubts to be "totally ridiculous" after establishing the certainty of his own existence and the existence of God, which serve as the foundational truths in his philosophy.

Question 12

René Descartes
-As an alternative to allowing for the existence of an immaterial substance that can have a causal relationship with a material substance,Princess Elizabeth is more inclined to allow for which kind of substance?

Accepted Answer

Princess Elizabeth is more inclined to allow for the existence of a soul that is extended and has a relationship with matter. She believes in a mind-body union that is indivisible and that the mind is intimately connected with the body, and that the soul is not a substance separate from the body but rather a property of the body. Therefore, the best choice is D- a soul with matter and extension.

Question 13

Thomas Hobbes
-Hobbes reads the sentence "All men are created equal" and

Accepted Answer

Hobbes believed that without a strong central authority, society would descend into chaos and violence. He thought that the only way to prevent this was to have a strong ruler who had absolute power.

Question 14

René Descartes
-How does Descartes account for his certainty in his new knowledge,considering the possibility of error in his reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Descartes argues that a benevolent God would not deceive him as long as he uses his reason correctly, thus ensuring the certainty of his knowledge when properly reasoned.

Question 15

Thomas Hobbes
-In the "state of nature," that is,in a place without an organized government,Hobbes predicts that

Accepted Answer

Hobbes believed that in the absence of an organized government, people would live in a state of nature where life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." He argued that humans were naturally selfish and would compete with one another for resources, leading to a constant state of war. Therefore, people would eventually form societies and give up some of their individual freedoms to a governing power in order to protect themselves from each other.

Question 16

Thomas Hobbes
-Hobbes believes that all knowledge arises from

Accepted Answer

Hobbes believed in empiricism, which is the theory that all knowledge comes from sensory experience. Therefore, the impressions made on the senses by matter in motion would be the correct choice.

Question 17

Thomas Hobbes
-According to Hobbes,what do the words "love" and "hate" signify?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Thomas Hobbes
-According to Hobbes,what do the words...

Question 18

Thomas Hobbes
-Which of the following are not created through sense perception?

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas Hobbes, all mental phenomena, including thoughts, memory, and imagination, arise from sense perception. He believed that our understanding of the world and all our internal experiences are the result of sensory input.

Question 19

René Descartes
-According to Descartes,mistakes with regard to human knowledge result from

Accepted Answer

Descartes believed that mistakes in human knowledge were due to our use of inadequate concepts, terms, and notions when trying to explain things. This led to confusion and errors when applying these concepts to reality. He believed that we needed to carefully examine and clarify our ideas and concepts to avoid these mistakes.

Question 20

René Descartes
-Since the body and the mind are distinct substances,it follows that

Accepted Answer

Descartes' philosophy posits that the mind and body are distinct but does not imply that the body is an illusion or that reality is unknown. Instead, it acknowledges human limitations in understanding the full nature of mind-body interaction.

Quiz 1: Ancient Greek Philosophy

Thomas Hobbes -According to Hobbes,deliberation is ,while the will is _.

René Descartes -Descartes believes that while the mind is known by innate knowledge,the body

Thomas Hobbes -What is Hobbesian justice?

Thomas Hobbes -Which of the following is an example of "mental discourse" specific to human beings?

René Descartes -How does Descartes attempt to convince Princess Elizabeth that she can,in fact,conceive of the soul and body as having contact and causal relations?

René Descartes -According to Descartes,one's understanding of the soul and body as a unified whole is a(n)

Thomas Hobbes -Which of the following is not a law of nature?

Thomas Hobbes -The "rights of nature" which each person possesses,includes

René Descartes -The fact that God exists means that Descartes can be sure of

René Descartes -Princess Elizabeth doubts that a human soul,as defined by Descartes,can have a causal,impelling relationship of contact with a human body,as defined by Descartes.She claims that cause for her doubt is

René Descartes -Descartes concludes by returning to his former doubts and finds them to be

René Descartes -As an alternative to allowing for the existence of an immaterial substance that can have a causal relationship with a material substance,Princess Elizabeth is more inclined to allow for which kind of substance?

Thomas Hobbes -Hobbes reads the sentence "All men are created equal" and

René Descartes -How does Descartes account for his certainty in his new knowledge,considering the possibility of error in his reasoning?

Thomas Hobbes -In the "state of nature," that is,in a place without an organized government,Hobbes predicts that

Thomas Hobbes -Hobbes believes that all knowledge arises from

Thomas Hobbes -According to Hobbes,what do the words "love" and "hate" signify?

Thomas Hobbes -Which of the following are not created through sense perception?

René Descartes -According to Descartes,mistakes with regard to human knowledge result from

René Descartes -Since the body and the mind are distinct substances,it follows that