Why do Pressman and Wildvasky think joint action in implementing public programs is so complex? Why does Eleanor R.Bowen disagree?

Question

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The Answer is Pressman and Wildavsky believe that joint action in implementing public programs is complex because it involves multiple actors with varying interests, goals, and levels of power. They argue that this complexity can lead to conflicts, delays, and inefficiencies in the implementation process.

On the other hand, Eleanor R. Bowen disagrees with this perspective. She believes that joint action in implementing public programs is not inherently complex, but rather it is the lack of clear communication, coordination, and collaboration among the involved parties that makes it so. Bowen argues that with proper planning, communication, and collaborative efforts, joint action can be made more effective and efficient.

In summary, Pressman and Wildavsky see joint action in implementing public programs as complex due to the involvement of multiple actors with conflicting interests, while Eleanor R. Bowen disagrees and believes that the complexity arises from a lack of effective communication and collaboration.

Why Do Pressman and Wildvasky Think Joint Action in Implementing