Josh, a Graduate Student in Psychology, Wishes to Use Classical

Josh, a graduate student in psychology, wishes to use classical conditioning to condition a learned taste aversion in pigeons. Given what you read about biological preparedness in the text, which of the following would be the easiest stimulus to use as his conditioned stimulus?

A) a painful stimulus, such as electrical shock
B) a taste stimulus, such as flavored water
C) a visual stimulus, such as colored water
D) an auditory stimulus, such as a loud noise