Question 1

Brenda has been trying to lose weight and control her seemingly insatiable sweet tooth.To meet her goal,she has removed all cookies,candy,and ice cream from the kitchen cabinets and refrigerator.She also has begun keeping a bowl of fresh fruit on the kitchen counter from which she may nibble freely.Brenda is practicing

Accepted Answer

Brenda is using stimulus control by removing high-calorie, high-sugar foods from her environment and replacing them with a healthier option. She is also making it easier for herself to choose the healthier option by placing it in a prominent location. Vicarious self-control, self-punishment, and self-reinforcement are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 2

Relapse

Accepted Answer

Relapse is more likely to occur when an individual experiences declining motivation and a lack of goals, as these factors can decrease their ability to resist cravings and triggers.

Answer: C
 Research has found that relapse rates and patterns are similar for alcohol and drug addiction, but smokers have a higher chance of relapse as time passes due to the addictive nature of nicotine.

(Note: Option B and D are incorrect as relapse can be influenced by situational factors and levels of stress and support from peers and family.)

Question 3

A discriminative stimulus

Accepted Answer

A discriminative stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement, indicating that a particular behavior will be reinforced if it occurs in the presence of that stimulus.

Question 4

The use of persons who have lost weight as leaders in weight-loss programs is an example of

Accepted Answer

Modeling refers to learning by observing the behavior of others. Using people who have successfully lost weight as leaders in weight-loss programs provides an opportunity for others to observe and learn from their behavior. Shaping refers to gradually guiding a person toward a desired behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations. Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, where behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are punished are less likely to be repeated. Classical conditioning is a form of learning where a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already produces a response until the neutral stimulus alone produces a similar response. None of these concepts fully explain the use of weight-loss leaders as examples.

Question 5

Self-punishment

Accepted Answer

Self-punishment is not as effective in changing behavior as self-reward. However, it can be effective when coupled with self-reward. This is because self-reward serves as a motivator while self-punishment serves as a deterrent. Also, self-punishment should not be so aversive that it causes a person to become discouraged and stop trying to change their behavior.

Question 6

Which of the following is a goal of skills training?

Accepted Answer

All of these are goals of skills training. It aims to reduce anxiety by introducing new skills for coping with anxiety-arousing situations, as well as providing alternatives for maladaptive behaviors.

Question 7

Relapse prevention techniques often adopt cue exposure techniques,which may

Accepted Answer

Cue exposure techniques aim to reduce the impact of cues that trigger addictive behavior. By extinguishing cravings, individuals are less likely to relapse. Increasing feelings of self-efficacy can also reduce the risk of relapse, as individuals feel more in control of their behavior. Additionally, reducing positive expectations associated with addictive behavior can also contribute to preventing relapse. Therefore, all options are correct.

Question 8

A behavioral response is most resistant to extinction if it is subject to a _______________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A variable schedule of reinforcement, such as variable ratio or variable interval, makes a behavior more resistant to extinction because the reinforcement is unpredictable, encouraging persistence.

Question 9

Rhonda entered into an agreement with her friend,Nancy,in an attempt to establish a regular exercise program.According to their agreement,Nancy pays Rhonda $1 every day that she exercises for at least 30 minutes after work.If she fails to do so,Rhonda must pay Nancy $1.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a contingency contract where the consequences are contingent upon the behavior of Nancy. The agreement sets out the conditions under which the reinforcement (receiving $1 from Rhonda) or punishment (paying $1 to Nancy) will occur.

Question 10

The use of positive reinforcers,e.g.,money or new clothing,for weight loss in the treatment of obesity is an example of

Accepted Answer

The use of positive reinforcers, such as money or new clothing, for weight loss is an example of operant conditioning, where behaviors that are rewarded (reinforced) are more likely to be repeated. Shaping involves rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior, modeling involves learning by observing others, and classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to elicit a response.

Question 11

Imagined that there are a group of children afraid of receiving inoculations and each were shown different films to watch.Which group do you think would develop the best coping skills?

Accepted Answer

Children who were shown films of models who briefly displayed moderate levels of pain and emotion experienced less distress because they were able to see that even though the models had some discomfort during the inoculation process, they were able to cope with it. This allowed the children to view receiving inoculations as a positive experience which would likely result in better coping skills.

Question 12

Relaxation training is an important component of systematic desensitization because it

Accepted Answer

Relaxation training teaches individuals how to cope with anxiety and stress. It is an important component of systematic desensitization because it allows clients to learn and practice relaxation techniques while gradually facing anxiety-provoking situations, helping them cope with anxiety in a healthier way. Choice A is incorrect because relaxation training is not meant to distract the client from the anxiety-provoking situation, but rather to help them manage their anxiety in that situation. Choice B is incorrect because flooding involves overwhelming the client with emotional situations without first teaching them coping skills or relaxation techniques, which can be harmful. Choice C is incorrect because an anxiety hierarchy is a necessary part of systematic desensitization, and relaxation training is used in conjunction with it, rather than replacing it.

Question 13

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism involves having the client sip his or her favorite drink while ingesting Antabuse.After several pairings,alcohol becomes associated with the Antabuse and elicits a(n)______________.

Accepted Answer

The pairing of alcohol and Antabuse creates a learned association between the two stimuli, resulting in the alcohol eliciting a conditioned response.

Question 14

Classical conditioning modifies the _______________ of behavior; operant conditioning modifies the _______________ of behavior.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is about learning the association between two stimuli, usually a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, which leads to a behavioral response. So classical conditioning modifies the antecedents of behavior. 
On the other hand, operant conditioning is about learning the association between a behavior and its consequences, which either strengthens or weakens the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. So operant conditioning modifies the consequences of behavior.

Question 15

Wanda's weight-loss counselor has observed that she has a self-defeating pattern of beliefs and cognitions about her ability to control her overeating.Specifically,when she eats something that is not allowed on her diet,she thinks "I have no willpower; I'll always be fat" and binges the rest of the day.Wanda's counselor now is encouraging her to think "Well,I slipped on my diet at lunch.Relax,one slip isn't that bad.I'll get back on my diet right away!" The therapist is utilizing a technique called

Accepted Answer

Cognitive restructuring involves identifying and changing negative or self-defeating thought patterns. In this scenario, the therapist is helping Wanda reframe her thoughts around her slip in her diet, which is an example of cognitive restructuring. Positive reinforcement, self-monitoring, and self-punishment are not relevant techniques in this situation.

Question 16

An abstinence violation effect is associated with

Accepted Answer

The abstinence violation effect refers to the loss of perceived control and the increased likelihood of relapse that occurs when an individual experiences a lapse or a violation of their abstinence goal. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. Options A and B are not correct as they suggest an increased feeling of perceived control, which is not associated with the abstinence violation effect. Option D is not correct as the abstinence violation effect is a well-established phenomenon in the addiction literature.

Question 17

Behavioral assignments

Accepted Answer

Behavioral assignments that rely on written agreements are often more effective because they provide a clear, tangible reference for both the therapist and the client, enhancing accountability and commitment.

Question 18

Fred wants to lose 20 pounds.He places 20 one-pound boxes of lard in the refrigerator.As his weight-loss program proceeds,he removes one box of lard each time he succeeds in losing a pound.In this instance,Fred is using

Accepted Answer

Fred is using negative self-reward by removing an undesirable object (a box of lard) each time he achieves a weight loss goal, which is a way to reward himself by reducing a negative stimulus.

Question 19

Internal monologues

Accepted Answer

Internal monologues can be either positive or negative, and may or may not be adaptive. They can function as antecedents, playing a role in initiating or triggering target behavior, as well as consequences that follow the behavior. Internal monologues can be shaped and modified through reinforcement techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 20

Relapse is likely when the individual:

Accepted Answer

Stress is a common trigger for relapse, as it can increase cravings and cause individuals to revert back to old coping mechanisms. Though self-efficacy and support from friends and family can be helpful in maintaining recovery, they do not guarantee that a relapse will not occur. Definitive goals may also be helpful, but they do not address the potential impact of stress on relapse.

Quiz 9: Patients, providers, and Treatments