Question 1

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics
-reabsorption of nutrients takes place here

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of nutrients takes place in the proximal tubule.

Answer: H
 The distal tubule is responsible for the final adjustments to the electrolyte and water balance in the nephron.

Answer: I
 The collecting ducts are responsible for reabsorbing water and concentrating urine.

Question 2

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Its secretion is directly stimulated by a low plasma K⁺ concentration.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone secretion is directly stimulated by low plasma potassium (K+) concentration to help regulate electrolyte balance.

Question 3

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics
-aldosterone acts here

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule to increase reabsorption of sodium ions and water, while increasing secretion of potassium ions.

Answer: I
 The collecting duct is also a site of aldosterone action, where it increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and water, and increases the secretion of potassium ions.

Question 4

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics
-diameter controlled to regulate GFR

Accepted Answer

The diameter of the afferent arteriole is actively regulated to control the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Answer: B
 The glomerulus is where filtration occurs, as blood pressure forces fluid and solutes out of the capillaries and into the Bowman's capsule.

Answer: C
 The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus, and its diameter also affects the GFR.

Answer: D
 The Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtered fluid (filtrate).

Answer: E
 The proximal tubule reabsorbs the majority of filtered water and small solutes and actively secretes some substances into the tubule.

Answer: F
 The descending limb of the loop of Henle mainly conducts water reabsorption from the tubule.

Answer: G
 The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for reabsorbing sodium and other ions from the tubule.

Answer: H
 The distal tubule performs additional reabsorption and selective secretion of solutes, contributing to the final composition of urine.

Answer: I
 The collecting duct receives urine from multiple nephrons and is responsible for fine-tuning the urine composition, as well as regulating water balance in the body.

Question 5

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Stimulates K⁺ secretion by the distal and collecting tubules.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone stimulates K+ secretion by the distal and collecting tubules in the kidneys.

Question 6

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic.
-Its secretion is directly stimulated by angiotensin II.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone secretion is directly stimulated by angiotensin II.

Question 7

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic.
-Is a potent constrictor of arterioles.

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II is a potent constrictor of arterioles.

Answer: A
 Renin is an enzyme that activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to the production of angiotensin II.

Answer: F
 Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that promotes the excretion of sodium and water from the kidneys, leading to a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 8

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The descending limb of Henle's loop is ______ to H₂O.

Accepted Answer

The descending limb of Henle's loop is permeable to water, allowing water to be reabsorbed into the surrounding interstitial fluid.

Question 9

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics
-uses vertical osmotic gradient to create concentrated urine

Accepted Answer

The collecting duct uses the vertical osmotic gradient established by the loop of Henle to reabsorb water, thus concentrating the urine.

Question 10

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic.
-Is produced by the liver.

Accepted Answer

Angiotensinogen is produced by the liver and is the precursor to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Answer: D
 Angiotensin II is the active form of angiotensin that is involved in vasoconstriction, aldosterone release, and increased blood pressure.

Answer: E
 Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates salt and water balance in the body.

Note: Renin and atrial natriuretic peptide were not produced by the liver and angiotensin I is an intermediate in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system rather than a product of the liver.

Question 11

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics
-permeable to water, not salt

Accepted Answer

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but not salt.

Answer: G 
 The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water but actively pumps out salt.

Answer: H 
 The distal tubule regulates the amount of salt and water that is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

Answer: I 
 The collecting duct is responsible for the final regulation of urine concentration by either reabsorbing water or allowing it to be excreted.

Question 12

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics
-fluid entering is this structure is hypertonic, but when it leaves is hypotonic

Accepted Answer

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water but actively transports ions out, making the fluid hypotonic as it leaves.

Question 13

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -It inhibits Na⁺ reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules, promoting natriuresis and reducing blood volume and pressure.

Question 14

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The distal and collecting tubules in the absence of vasopressin are ______ to H₂O.

Accepted Answer

The distal and collecting tubules in the absence of vasopressin are impermeable to H₂O (whatever substance is represented by this specific code).

Question 15

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The vasa recta is ______ to salt and ______ to H₂O.

Accepted Answer

The vasa recta is permeable to salt and impermeable to H₂O. This is because the vasa recta is a countercurrent multiplier system, which means that it uses the flow of blood in opposite directions to create a concentration gradient. The salt is concentrated in the medulla of the kidney, and the H₂O is concentrated in the cortex. The vasa recta is permeable to salt, so the salt can move from the medulla to the cortex. The vasa recta is impermeable to H₂O, so the H₂O cannot move from the cortex to the medulla. This creates a concentration gradient that allows the kidney to concentrate urine.

Question 16

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics
-receives blood from glomerulus

Accepted Answer

The efferent arteriole receives blood from the glomerulus after filtration has occurred.

Question 17

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The ascending limb of Henle's loop is ______ to H₂O.

Accepted Answer

The ascending limb of Henle's loop is impermeable to H₂O, which is a complex ion of ammonium and chloride. This portion of the tubule actively transports sodium, potassium, and chloride out of the tubule, but does not allow for the passive diffusion of other substances like H₂O.

Question 18

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic.
-Is acted upon by converting enzyme.

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin I is acted upon by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to form angiotensin II.

Question 19

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic.
-Is secreted from the granular cells of the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Accepted Answer

Renin is secreted from the granular cells of the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Answer: B
 Angiotensinogen is not secreted from the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus. It is a plasma protein synthesized by the liver.

Answer: C
 Angiotensin I is formed by the enzymatic action of renin on angiotensinogen in the blood.

Answer: D
 Angiotensin II is formed by the enzymatic action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) on angiotensin I in the lungs and other tissues.

Answer: E
 Aldosterone is not secreted from the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus. It is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

Answer: F
 Atrial natriuretic peptide is not secreted from the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus. It is a hormone produced by the heart.

Question 20

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The distal and collecting tubules in the presence of vasopressin are ______ to H₂O.

Accepted Answer

The presence of vasopressin makes the distal and collecting tubules permeable to H₂O, allowing it to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

Quiz 13: The Urinary System

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -reabsorption of nutrients takes place here

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Its secretion is directly stimulated by a low plasma K⁺ concentration.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -aldosterone acts here

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -diameter controlled to regulate GFR

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Stimulates K⁺ secretion by the distal and collecting tubules.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Its secretion is directly stimulated by angiotensin II.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is a potent constrictor of arterioles.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The descending limb of Henle's loop is ______ to H₂O.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -uses vertical osmotic gradient to create concentrated urine

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is produced by the liver.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -permeable to water, not salt

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -fluid entering is this structure is hypertonic, but when it leaves is hypotonic

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -It inhibits Na⁺ reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The distal and collecting tubules in the absence of vasopressin are ______ to H₂O.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The vasa recta is to salt and to H₂O.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -receives blood from glomerulus

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The ascending limb of Henle's loop is ______ to H₂O.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is acted upon by converting enzyme.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is secreted from the granular cells of the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The distal and collecting tubules in the presence of vasopressin are ______ to H₂O.

Quiz 13: The Urinary System

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -reabsorption of nutrients takes place here

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Its secretion is directly stimulated by a low plasma K+ concentration.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -aldosterone acts here

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -diameter controlled to regulate GFR

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Stimulates K+ secretion by the distal and collecting tubules.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Its secretion is directly stimulated by angiotensin II.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is a potent constrictor of arterioles.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The descending limb of Henle's loop is ______ to H2O.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -uses vertical osmotic gradient to create concentrated urine

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is produced by the liver.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -permeable to water, not salt

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -fluid entering is this structure is hypertonic, but when it leaves is hypotonic

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -It inhibits Na+ reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The distal and collecting tubules in the absence of vasopressin are ______ to H2O.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The vasa recta is ______ to salt and ______ to H2O.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -receives blood from glomerulus

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The ascending limb of Henle's loop is ______ to H2O.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is acted upon by converting enzyme.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is secreted from the granular cells of the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The distal and collecting tubules in the presence of vasopressin are ______ to H2O.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Its secretion is directly stimulated by a low plasma K⁺ concentration.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Stimulates K⁺ secretion by the distal and collecting tubules.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The descending limb of Henle's loop is ______ to H₂O.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -It inhibits Na⁺ reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The distal and collecting tubules in the absence of vasopressin are ______ to H₂O.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The vasa recta is to salt and to H₂O.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The ascending limb of Henle's loop is ______ to H₂O.

Indicate whether the portion of the tubule in question is permeable or impermeable to the substance in question using the following answer code: -The distal and collecting tubules in the presence of vasopressin are ______ to H₂O.