Question 1

Reconstruction (schema)theory states that in long-term memory,we are likely to store:
A) the gist,or general idea of the information.
B) the procedural details but not the semantic details.
C) only the episodic details.
D) information in vivid detail.

Accepted Answer

Reconstruction theory suggests that we are more likely to store the general idea or gist of information in long-term memory, rather than vivid details or semantic details. This is because our brain prioritizes important information and summarizes it into a more simplified form for easier recall.

Question 2

When you use the "gist" of the information to reconstruct a memory of a past event,you:
A) remember the general meaning of the event and fill in the missing details.
B) search different memory stores to collect all the details of the event.
C) you match your mood state to the memory you are trying to recall.
D) you match your physical body state to the memory you are trying to recall.

Accepted Answer

When using the "gist" of the information to reconstruct a memory of a past event, you remember the general meaning of the event and fill in the missing details. This is because the brain tends to remember the general idea of an event or conversation rather than specific details.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories?
A) They seem more accurate and vivid.
B) They are more accurate than memories of everyday events.
C) They are generally procedural memories.
D) They are stored complete and untainted directly from the sensory register into long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are memories of significant and emotional events that are characterized by a sense of vividness, detail, and accuracy. However, research has shown that even flashbulb memories can be susceptible to errors and distortions over time.

Question 4

Flashbulb memories are generally:
A) procedural memories.
B) episodic memories.
C) semantic memories.
D) repressed memories.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are a type of episodic memory that are highly vivid and emotional recollections of significant events such as the assassination of JFK or the September 11 attacks. These memories are thought to be stored in a distinct neural network, separate from other types of memories.

Question 5

Remembering an event that did not occur or that occurred in a way that was different from the memory is referred to as a:
A) lie.
B) decayed memory.
C) false memory.
D) motivated forgotten memory.

Accepted Answer

A false memory is created when an individual remembers an event that never occurred, or that occurred in a way that is different from the actual event. False memories can be created through suggestion, misinformation, or even our own imagination, and can feel just as real and vivid as true memories.

Question 6

Which theory suggests that personal assumptions and expectations distort memories?
A) Decay theory
B) Reconstruction theory
C) Motivated Remembering theory
D) Control Gate theory

Accepted Answer

Reconstruction theory suggests that personal assumptions and expectations can distort memories by filling in gaps or altering details based on beliefs or biases. Decay theory proposes that memories fade over time, Motivated Remembering theory suggests that people selectively remember information that confirms their beliefs or goals, and Control Gate theory proposes that forgetting occurs when information cannot pass through a "gate" between short-term and long-term memory.

Question 7

Salita and Josef are in a miserable relationship where each is extremely hurtful to the other.However,when asked about their disagreements,each can only recall the hurtful things the other one did.Neither can recall hurtful things they did.Their memory failures may an example of:
A) memory decay.
B) motivated forgetting.
C) interference.
D) amnesia.

Accepted Answer

The description suggests that Salita and Josef are engaging in motivated forgetting, which is a type of forgetting that occurs when an individual intentionally blocks out memories that are considered unpleasant or undesirable. This can occur when someone is trying to protect themselves from emotional pain or guilt associated with their actions. Therefore, the best answer is B) motivated forgetting.

Question 8

You are trying to recall an important conversation you had with your boss three weeks ago.When you tell your friend about the conversation,what will you most likely do about any parts of the conversation that are "missing" from your memory?
A) You will reconstruct them based on your schema for the conversation.
B) You will simply not include them.
C) You will assume those parts never existed.
D) You will hope your friend does not figure you out.

Accepted Answer

When recalling a conversation that happened a few weeks ago, it is common to have some gaps in memory. In this case, the best option would be to reconstruct the missing parts based on your schema for the conversation. Schema refers to the mental framework or organization of information that we use to interpret and understand the world around us. By using our schema to fill in the gaps, we can create a more complete picture of the conversation.

Question 9

According to Judith Kearins,what accounts for the tendency for white Australian children to use verbal skills and aboriginal Australian children to use visual skills in committing objects to memory?
A) intelligence
B) culture
C) education
D) memory limits

Accepted Answer

Judith Kearins suggests that this difference in memory processing may be due to cultural differences between the two groups. Cultural factors shape the cognitive strategies children use to process information and learn new things.

Question 10

Of the following,which level of arousal is most likely to enhance memory?
A) severely negative
B) strongly positive
C) mildly negative
D) neutral

Accepted Answer

Mildly negative arousal tends to enhance memory more effectively than severely negative, strongly positive, or neutral states. This is because mild stress or negative emotions can activate the amygdala, which plays a role in processing emotional memories, making them more memorable without overwhelming the brain's cognitive processes.

Question 11

Imagine you are given the following list and asked to remember it: pencil,paper,ruler,eraser,and desk.When asked if a second list contains any items that were not in the first list,which of the following items is MOST likely to be incorrectly remembered as having been on the list?
A) fish
B) pants
C) pen
D) flower

Accepted Answer

Pen is very similar to pencil, both being writing utensils, so it is likely that it may be incorrectly remembered as being on the first list. Fish, pants, and flower are not related to the items on the first list, so they are less likely to be incorrectly remembered.

Question 12

In Judith Kearins's (1986)study of white Australian and aboriginal adolescents,what important contribution to the field of memory research did she reach?
A) White Australian children had better visual memories,and aboriginal Australian children had better verbal memories,demonstrating how much brighter white Australian children are.
B) White Australian children outperformed aboriginal Australian children on all memory tasks demonstrating how much brighter white Australian children are.
C) Aboriginal Australian children were more likely than white Australian children were to memorize objects in visual or spatial terms,demonstrating the role of cultural influences in memorization.
D) White Australian children approached memory tasks silently,slowly,and methodically,demonstrating lower intellect than aboriginal Australian children did.

Accepted Answer

Kearins found that aboriginal Australian children had a tendency to memorize objects in visual or spatial terms, while white Australian children tended to use verbal strategies. This suggests that cultural influences can play a role in how individuals approach memorization tasks. Option A and B are incorrect because they make unsupported claims about the intelligence of different groups of children. Option D is also incorrect because it makes a false claim about the performance of white Australian children.

Question 13

The events of September 11,2001,are likely to replace the assassination of President Kennedy as a more current example of a:
A) false memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) flashback memory.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are highly vivid and detailed recollections of a significant and emotional event, such as hearing about the September 11 attacks. These memories are often believed to be more accurate and permanent than other types of memories, but research suggests that they can still be subject to distortion and forgetting over time.

Question 14

Recent versions of schema theory relies on the expectation that:
A) meaning is better represented than episodic details in long-term memory.
B) people are motivated to have some false memories.
C) distortion of memories occurs gradually over time.
D) memories are often unassociated from other memories.

Accepted Answer

Recent versions of schema theory emphasize that long-term memory is organized into mental frameworks or schemata. These schemata emphasize meaning rather than episodic details, so the correct choice is A.

Question 15

Victims of sexual molestation sometimes cannot remember having been violated.This observation supports Freud's idea of:
A) proactive interference.
B) memory decay.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) retroactive interference.

Accepted Answer

Motivated forgetting refers to the suppression or repression of memories due to an unwillingness to remember or cope with the trauma associated with them, which could explain why victims of sexual molestation may not recall the incident. Freud's theory of repression suggests that traumatic memories are pushed into the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism.

Question 16

When you remember the first time you had a major fall off your bike when you were a child,you are flooded with images.You can recall the horrible pain,the other kids who saw it,the smell of the blood,even the details of the fall itself.Of the following,your memory appears most like a:
A) repressed memory.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) procedural memory.

Accepted Answer

The description of the memory being vivid and including sensory details suggests that it is a flashbulb memory. This type of memory is often associated with emotionally significant events, and can be recalled in great detail even years later. Repressed memories are ones that are unconsciously blocked due to trauma or stress, while semantic and procedural memories are types of long-term memory that are not typically associated with a specific event or experience.

Question 17

According to Freud,motivated forgetting typically results from:
A) depression.
B) dealing with unpleasant or dangerous information.
C) laziness.
D) being overly excited.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, motivated forgetting, also known as repression, occurs when a person tries to forget or repress unpleasant or dangerous information or memories. This is a defense mechanism used by the ego to protect the individual from experiencing anxiety or distress. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, and D are not supported by the theory of motivated forgetting.

Question 18

In support of schema theory,Carmichael and associates presented subjects with ambiguous drawings.Later,they were asked to recall the drawings.The subject's recall of the drawings was:
A) significantly influenced by verbal labels telling them what the figures represented
B) significantly influenced by elaborative rehearsal
C) substantially improved if they used vivid imagery
D) substantially affected by proactive interference

Accepted Answer

Carmichael and associates' study supported the idea of schema theory by showing that subjects' recall of ambiguous drawings was significantly influenced by verbal labels telling them what the figures represented. This suggests that our preexisting knowledge and expectations, or schemas, can affect our perception and memory of ambiguous stimuli. Elaborative rehearsal and vivid imagery may also play a role in memory encoding and recall, but they were not specifically tested in this study. Proactive interference, which occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of newly learned information, was not mentioned in relation to this study.

Question 19

When a memory of an extremely emotional event is recalled in rich detail,it is referred to as a:
A) reconstructed memory.
B) proactive memory.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) semantic memory.

Accepted Answer

A flashbulb memory is a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard. It is a clear, persistent, and long-lasting memory of a surprising and consequential event that is often associated with a location, and can be retrieved easily and quickly.

Question 20

When drawing ambiguous figures from memory,subjects will alter the drawings to fit labels that have been assigned to the drawings.This observation lends support to:
A) the spreading activation model of memory.
B) schema theory.
C) decay theory.
D) the levels of processing model of memory.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is an example of schema theory, which proposes that memory involves organizing information into schemas or mental frameworks. These schemas can influence how we remember and interpret information, such as altering our drawings to fit assigned labels. This is not as strongly supported by the other theories listed.

Quiz 8: Memory

Reconstruction (schema) theory states that in long-term memory,we are likely to store:

When you use the "gist" of the information to reconstruct a memory of a past event,you:

Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories?

Flashbulb memories are generally:

Remembering an event that did not occur or that occurred in a way that was different from the memory is referred to as a:

Which theory suggests that personal assumptions and expectations distort memories?

Salita and Josef are in a miserable relationship where each is extremely hurtful to the other.However,when asked about their disagreements,each can only recall the hurtful things the other one did.Neither can recall hurtful things they did.Their memory failures may an example of:

You are trying to recall an important conversation you had with your boss three weeks ago.When you tell your friend about the conversation,what will you most likely do about any parts of the conversation that are "missing" from your memory?

According to Judith Kearins,what accounts for the tendency for white Australian children to use verbal skills and aboriginal Australian children to use visual skills in committing objects to memory?

Of the following,which level of arousal is most likely to enhance memory?

Imagine you are given the following list and asked to remember it: pencil,paper,ruler,eraser,and desk.When asked if a second list contains any items that were not in the first list,which of the following items is MOST likely to be incorrectly remembered as having been on the list?

In Judith Kearins's (1986) study of white Australian and aboriginal adolescents,what important contribution to the field of memory research did she reach?

The events of September 11,2001,are likely to replace the assassination of President Kennedy as a more current example of a:

Recent versions of schema theory relies on the expectation that:

Victims of sexual molestation sometimes cannot remember having been violated.This observation supports Freud's idea of:

When you remember the first time you had a major fall off your bike when you were a child,you are flooded with images.You can recall the horrible pain,the other kids who saw it,the smell of the blood,even the details of the fall itself.Of the following,your memory appears most like a:

According to Freud,motivated forgetting typically results from:

In support of schema theory,Carmichael and associates presented subjects with ambiguous drawings.Later,they were asked to recall the drawings.The subject's recall of the drawings was:

When a memory of an extremely emotional event is recalled in rich detail,it is referred to as a:

When drawing ambiguous figures from memory,subjects will alter the drawings to fit labels that have been assigned to the drawings.This observation lends support to: