Question 1

A psychotherapy that has been found,in a series of randomized controlled trials or single-participant designs,to be efficacious in the treatment of a specific condition is known as an)

Accepted Answer

An empirically supported treatment is one that has been found efficacious in randomized controlled trials or single-participant designs. The term "validated treatment" could potentially be used to describe an empirically supported treatment, but it is not as specific. "Internally-sound treatment" and "clinically effective treatment" do not necessarily imply that the treatment has been rigorously tested and found effective through scientific research.

Question 2

There are evidence-based psychological treatment for

Accepted Answer

There are evidence-based psychological treatments for most commonly encountered mental disorders, such as anxiety disorders, depression, and PTSD. While there are also some treatments available for personality disorders, they may not work for everyone and tend to be more difficult to treat. It is also not accurate to say there are evidence-based treatments for all ICD diagnoses, as there is not enough research for every possible diagnosis in the ICD system.

Question 3

In the final stage of CBT the psychologist focuses on:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the final stage of CBT the...

Question 4

Initial sessions of CBT tend to focus primarily on

Accepted Answer

Initial sessions of CBT typically focus on behavioral activation tasks, which involve increasing participation in positive and pleasurable activities in order to improve mood and motivation. While cognitive restructuring tasks, completing thought records, and challenging schemas are also important components of CBT, they may not be the primary focus of early sessions.

Question 5

The APA Society of Clinical Psychology 1995 task force required which of the following conditions be met for a treatment to be designated as an empirically supported treatment?

Accepted Answer

The APA Society of Clinical Psychology 1995 task force required all of the following conditions to be met for a treatment to be designated as an empirically supported treatment: evidence of symptom reduction, improved functioning among participants, and data derived from at least two independently conducted RCTs or from a large series of single-case studies. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 6

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE)stepped care model for the management of depression includes the following possible treatments except:

Accepted Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is not included in the NICE stepped care model for the management of depression. The model focuses on a range of treatments including medication, psychotherapies, and in certain severe cases, electroconvulsive therapy, but does not specifically include transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Question 7

In cognitive-behavioural treatment of depression,behavioural activation tasks could include

Accepted Answer

Behavioural activation tasks are designed to increase positive reinforcement and encourage individuals to engage in activities that they find enjoyable or meaningful. Making a special meal may be a task that could provide a sense of accomplishment and pleasure, while also increasing social interaction with others. Relaxing on the couch or reflecting on life goals are not behavioural activation tasks, but disputing dysfunctional beliefs may be part of cognitive restructuring within CBT.

Question 8

For a treatment method to be referred to as an empirically supported treatment it must have demonstrated success

Accepted Answer

An empirically supported treatment must have demonstrated success from at least 2 independently conducted RCTs or a large series of single-case studies. This requirement ensures that the treatment has been tested in a rigorous and systematic manner, and the effectiveness has been replicated in different settings and with different patient populations.

Question 9

The Canadian Psychological Association task force on evidence-based psychological services recommended that psychologists give the strongest weight to:

Accepted Answer

Syntheses of studies that balance internal and external validity are recommended because they provide a comprehensive overview of research findings, combining the strengths of individual studies while addressing their limitations, thus offering the most reliable evidence for clinical practice.

Question 10

The strength of the empirical evidence for each of the recommended steps in the NICE guidelines for the treatment of depression is

Accepted Answer

The strength of the empirical evidence varies for each step in the NICE guidelines. Some steps, such as psychological therapies and antidepressant medication, have relatively strong evidence, while others, such as light therapy and St John's Wort, have weaker evidence. Therefore, the best answer is C, which states that the strength of the empirical evidence is relatively strong for some steps and relatively weak for others.

Question 11

The cognitive-behavioural approach to treating posttraumatic stress disorder includes __________,which is not included in CBT treatment for depression.

Accepted Answer

Prolonged exposure therapy is a specific technique used in the cognitive-behavioural approach to treating posttraumatic stress disorder. It involves the patient reliving their traumatic experience in a safe and controlled environment with the guidance of a therapist. This technique is not typically used in CBT treatment for depression. The other options listed, behavioural activation, cognitive restructuring, and activity scheduling, are all common techniques used in both CBT for PTSD and depression.

Question 12

Which of the following are the three main treatment components of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder?

Accepted Answer

Relaxation skills, imaginal exposure, and in vivo exposure are the three main treatment components of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder. These components aim to help individuals confront and overcome their traumatic experiences by gradually exposing them to the trauma in a safe and controlled manner while also teaching them relaxation and coping skills to manage any distress that may arise. Hypnosis and behavioural activation are not considered main treatment components in CBT for PTSD.

Question 13

Which component of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder involves having the client recount his/her traumatic experiences for an extended period in order to encourage the client to fully emotionally process the trauma?

Accepted Answer

Imaginal exposure involves having the client recount his/her traumatic experiences in a controlled, safe environment in order to fully emotionally process the trauma.

Question 14

Clinically significant differences refer to

Accepted Answer

Clinically significant differences refer to improvements in outcomes that are meaningful and noticeable to the individual receiving treatment, such as improved quality of life, cure, or recovery. While statistically demonstrated differences between treatment groups (A) may be important, they may not necessarily translate to meaningful improvements for the individual. Similarly, a client's self-reported level of satisfaction with therapy (C) may not necessarily reflect meaningful change in their condition. A clinician's perception of client improvement throughout therapy (D) may be important, but may not necessarily reflect the individual's own perception of meaningful change in their condition.

Question 15

Behavioural activation generally begins with

Accepted Answer

Behavioural activation generally begins with identifying and scheduling pleasurable activities to increase positive reinforcement and counteract depressive symptoms. Setting treatment goals, time management training, and challenging automatic thoughts may be incorporated later in the treatment process.

Question 16

Chambless and Hollon 1998)set which of the following guidelines)for the development of treatment studies of empirically supported treatments?

Accepted Answer

All three guidelines (sufficient statistical power, use of treatment manual, valid and reliable outcome measures) were set by Chambless and Hollon in their 1998 paper on the development of treatment studies of empirically supported treatments. Therefore, the correct answer is Option D.

Question 17

Thought monitoring requires recording the types of thoughts that typically occur around

Accepted Answer

The answer of Thought monitoring requires recording the types of...

Question 18

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE)guides health care professionals and patients in making decisions about health care treatment options.The evidence for the NICE guidelines for treating depression are

Accepted Answer

While some of the NICE guidelines for treating depression are supported by strong empirical evidence, others only have variable qualities of empirical evidence supporting them. It is important for healthcare professionals and patients to consider the level of evidence supporting each guideline before making a decision about treatment.

Question 19

A type of initial,exploratory treatment study in which no control group is used and,typically,few participant exclusion criteria are applied is known as an)

Accepted Answer

An open trial is a type of initial, exploratory treatment study in which no control group is used and typically few participant exclusion criteria are applied.

Question 20

CBT for depression generally starts with

Accepted Answer

CBT for depression typically starts with self-monitoring of the link between activities and mood. This allows individuals to become more aware of the behaviors and thoughts that contribute to their depression, and to begin to make changes to their daily routine that can improve their mood. Prescribing pleasurable activities or researching them may come later in treatment as a way to reinforce positive behaviors and increase overall life satisfaction. Thought challenging is also an important aspect of CBT, but typically comes after self-monitoring as individuals become more familiar with their negative thought patterns.

Quiz 12: Intervention: Adults and Couples