Question 1

A recent research study on alcoholism suggests that use of illegal drugs is influenced by environmental factors, but abuse and dependence are more influenced by factors.
A) genetic
B) psychological
C) non-biological
D) cultural

Accepted Answer

The question suggests that there are two types of influences on drug use: environmental and biological. The options presented all relate to biological or environmental factors. Of these, the only option that involves biological influence is genetic, making A the correct answer. The study suggests that abuse and dependence are more strongly influenced by genetic factors than by environmental ones.

Question 2

The common factor among psychoactive drugs may be
A) their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain.
B) the ease of obtaining them and the relatively inexpensive cost.
C) the similar way in which they are metabolized in the body.
D) their identical effect on neurotransmitters at the synapse.

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs have the ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain, which results in the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters. This is what causes the temporary feeling of euphoria or "high" that many users seek. While psychoactive drugs may differ in their specific mechanisms of action, they all share the common ability to activate these pleasure pathways.

Question 3

In a laboratory research study involving "drug addiction" in animals, it was demonstrated that the positive reinforcing effect of drugs was
A) biological only.
B) tied to social and cultural influences.
C) free from social and cultural influences.
D) biological, social, and cultural.

Accepted Answer

The positive reinforcing effect of drugs in animals, as demonstrated in laboratory research, is free from social and cultural influences. This is because animals do not have the social or cultural factors that humans have, which can influence drug addiction. The reinforcing effect of drugs is just based on the biological response of the brain to the drug.

Question 4

Substance abuse can be seen from either a biological or a psychosocial perspective. For example, the condemnation of drug abuse as an official sin by the Catholic Church is an example of .
A) the moral weakness model
B) the disease model of dependence
C) the AA model of drug dependency
D) a 12-step program

Accepted Answer

The condemnation of drug abuse as a sin by the Catholic Church reflects the moral weakness model, which views substance abuse as a moral failing or a choice rather than a disease or biologically-based condition. This perspective emphasizes personal responsibility and discipline, and often involves moral judgment and punishment for drug use.

Question 5

The integration of both positive and negative reinforcement in explaining why the "crash" that follows the initial euphoria of drug use is not a deterrent to further drug use is called
A) the opponent-process theory.
B) amotivational syndrome.
C) substance induced myopia.
D) an expectancy effect.

Accepted Answer

The opponent-process theory posits that drug use leads to a temporarily positive affective state ("high"), which is followed by a negative affective state ("low" or "crash"). However, the theory suggests that with continued use, the body becomes sensitized to the negative affective state, resulting in an increased desire to use the drug again in order to avoid the negative effects. This integration of both positive and negative reinforcement explains why the crash that follows the initial euphoria of drug use is not a deterrent to further drug use.

Question 6

Cravings seem to be exacerbated by
A) the availability of drugs.
B) specific moods.
C) places and objects associated with drug taking.
D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Cravings can be triggered by multiple factors, including the availability of drugs, specific moods, and places and objects associated with drug taking. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 7

In a study involving the sons of alcoholics who were at high risk themselves for developing alcoholism, it was found that
A) they were less sensitive to the positive effects of alcohol when it was first ingested.
B) they were more sensitive to the negative effects of alcohol after a few hours.
C) both of these.
D) neither of these.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that sons of alcoholics, who are at higher risk of developing alcoholism themselves, tend to be more sensitive to the positive effects of alcohol and less sensitive to its negative effects, contrary to the options provided.

Question 8

Many individuals use drugs as negative reinforcement to escape from the unpleasantness (pain, stress, anxiety) in their lives. This phenomenon is called all of the following EXCEPT .
A) self-medication
B) tension reduction
C) controlled dosing
D) negative affect

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is commonly referred to as self-medication, tension reduction, or negative affect. Controlled dosing, however, typically refers to the careful administration of medication under the guidance of a healthcare professional, rather than the self-administration of drugs to cope with negative emotions or experiences.

Question 9

In behavioral terms, drugs like aspirin are considered negative reinforcers because they
A) quickly make a person feel good.
B) stop a person from feeling pain.
C) have toxic effects on the nervous system.
D) can cause frequent users to become dependent on them.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcers are stimuli that, when removed or avoided, increase the likelihood of a behavior happening again in the future. Aspirin is considered a negative reinforcer because it stops a person from feeling pain, which makes it more likely for them to take it again in the future if they experience pain. The other options (A, C, and D) do not accurately describe why aspirin is a negative reinforcer.

Question 10

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the opponent-process explanation of drug addiction?
A) An increase in positive feelings will be followed by an increase in negative feelings
B) An increase in negative feelings will be followed by an increase in positive feelings
C) Both of these
D) Neither of these

Accepted Answer

The opponent-process theory suggests that an increase in positive feelings due to drug use will be followed by an increase in negative feelings, and vice versa, which explains the cycle of addiction as individuals seek to avoid the negative feelings by using the drug again.

Question 11

Expectancies about alcohol use
A) start before people even start drinking.
B) predict who will later have drinking problems.
C) change over time and alcohol use.
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Expectancies about alcohol use can start before people even start drinking, and can also change over time and alcohol use. These expectancies have been found to be predictive of who will later have drinking problems. Therefore, all of the given choices are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following drugs is known to have an anxiolytic (anxiety-relieving) effect?
A) Methamphetamine
B) Alcohol
C) Caffeine
D) LSD

Accepted Answer

Alcohol is known to have an anxiolytic effect, which is why some people may turn to it as a form of self-medication for anxiety. However, it is important to note that alcohol also has a depressant effect on the central nervous system and can lead to addiction and other negative health consequences.

Question 13

Drug­addicted parents may contribute to their child's drug use by
A) failing to monitor the child's behavior.
B) making drugs available to the child.
C) creating an environment where peers use drugs.
D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Drug­addicted parents may contribute to their child's...

Question 14

Among the so-called recreational or illicit "designer drugs" is a dissociative anesthetic that produces a sense of detachment along with a reduced awareness of pain. It is called .
A) Ecstasy (MDMA)
B) "K" or "Special K"
C) Eve
D) Nexus

Accepted Answer

"K" or "Special K" is a dissociative anesthetic that produces a sense of detachment and reduced awareness of pain. Ecstasy (MDMA) is a hallucinogen and stimulant, Eve is another name for MDMA, and Nexus is a psychedelic drug.

Question 15

The drugs that directly stimulate the internal reward center or pleasure pathways in the brain include _______________.
A) amphetamines and cocaine
B) the opiates
C) all of these
D) none of these

Accepted Answer

Amphetamines and cocaine are stimulants that increase the levels of dopamine in the brain's reward center. Opiates, such as heroin and morphine, also activate the reward center by increasing the release of endorphins, which are natural pain-relieving chemicals that produce a sense of euphoria. Therefore, all of these drugs directly stimulate the internal reward center or pleasure pathways in the brain.

Question 16

In trying to understand why some people continue to use drugs until they become dependent on them and others are able to stop before this happens, it is important to consider
A) how sensitive a person is to both the negative effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the negative effects of alcohol after a few hours.
B) how sensitive a person is to the positive effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the negative effects after a few hours.
C) how sensitive a person is to the negative effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the positive effects a few hours later.
D) how sensitive a person is to the positive effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the positive effects a few hours later.

Accepted Answer

Sensitivity to the positive effects of alcohol upon first ingestion can increase the likelihood of continued use, while sensitivity to the negative effects after a few hours can influence a person's decision to stop using. This combination of sensitivities can play a crucial role in determining why some individuals become dependent on substances like alcohol, while others do not.

Question 17

The "pleasure pathways," or internal reward centers, in the human brain are primarily made up of ______________.
A) dopamine-sensitive neurons
B) serotonin-sensitive neurons
C) both of these
D) neither of these

Accepted Answer

The pleasure pathways in the human brain are primarily made up of dopamine-sensitive neurons. These neurons are activated when we engage in pleasurable activities such as eating delicious food or engaging in sexual activity. The release of dopamine in these reward centers reinforces the behavior, increasing the likelihood that we will engage in the behavior again.

Question 18

Yesterday you asked your friend Ray for a couple of aspirin tablets. Ray has been taking a psychology course and informs you that, in behavioral terms, aspirin is a headache begins to gets worse.)
A) positive
B) negative
C) neutral
D) variable

Accepted Answer

In behavioral terms, aspirin is considered a negative reinforcement because it reduces the aversive stimulus of a headache getting worse.

Question 19

Research examining the expectations that kids in grades 7 through 11 have about drinking alcohol revealed that some of the students begin drinking because they think it will have positive effects on their social behavior and cognitive and motor skills, a phenomenon called
A) alcoholic myopia.
B) an expectancy effect.
C) opponent-process theory.
D) regressive alcoholism.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is called the expectancy effect, which refers to the belief that drinking alcohol will result in certain positive outcomes, even though they may not actually occur. Option A (alcoholic myopia) refers to the idea that alcohol consumption narrows a person's attention and impairs decision-making abilities, while Option C (opponent-process theory) is a theory explaining addiction. Option D (regressive alcoholism) is not a recognized term in the field of psychology or substance abuse research.

Question 20

The field of research that studies how genes work to affect addiction is called .
A) behavior genetics
B) the genome project
C) functional genomics
D) genetic cross-transformation

Accepted Answer

The field of research that studies how genes work to affect addiction is called functional genomics. Behavior genetics (A) focuses on the study of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. The genome project (B) is a large-scale scientific project aimed at mapping and sequencing the complete set of DNA in human beings. Genetic cross-transformation (D) is not a recognized field of study.

Quiz 11: Substance-Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders

A recent research study on alcoholism suggests that use of illegal drugs is influenced by environmental factors, but abuse and dependence are more influenced by factors.

The common factor among psychoactive drugs may be

In a laboratory research study involving "drug addiction" in animals, it was demonstrated that the positive reinforcing effect of drugs was

Substance abuse can be seen from either a biological or a psychosocial perspective. For example, the condemnation of drug abuse as an official sin by the Catholic Church is an example of .

The integration of both positive and negative reinforcement in explaining why the "crash" that follows the initial euphoria of drug use is not a deterrent to further drug use is called

Cravings seem to be exacerbated by

In a study involving the sons of alcoholics who were at high risk themselves for developing alcoholism, it was found that

Many individuals use drugs as negative reinforcement to escape from the unpleasantness (pain, stress, anxiety) in their lives. This phenomenon is called all of the following EXCEPT .

In behavioral terms, drugs like aspirin are considered negative reinforcers because they

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the opponent-process explanation of drug addiction?

Expectancies about alcohol use

Which of the following drugs is known to have an anxiolytic (anxiety-relieving) effect?

Drugaddicted parents may contribute to their child's drug use by

Among the so-called recreational or illicit "designer drugs" is a dissociative anesthetic that produces a sense of detachment along with a reduced awareness of pain. It is called .

The drugs that directly stimulate the internal reward center or pleasure pathways in the brain include _______________.

In trying to understand why some people continue to use drugs until they become dependent on them and others are able to stop before this happens, it is important to consider

The "pleasure pathways," or internal reward centers, in the human brain are primarily made up of ______________.

Yesterday you asked your friend Ray for a couple of aspirin tablets. Ray has been taking a psychology course and informs you that, in behavioral terms, aspirin is a headache begins to gets worse.)

Research examining the expectations that kids in grades 7 through 11 have about drinking alcohol revealed that some of the students begin drinking because they think it will have positive effects on their social behavior and cognitive and motor skills, a phenomenon called

The field of research that studies how genes work to affect addiction is called .