Question 1

Inflammation of the kidneys is called

Accepted Answer

Inflammation of the kidneys is specifically called pyelonephritis. Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, nephrotic syndrome is a condition that affects the glomeruli of the kidneys, urethritis is inflammation of the urethra, and glomerulitis is not a commonly used term in medical language.

Question 2

Absence of angiotensin converting enzyme will lead to

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a crucial role in the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. The absence of ACE would lead to decreased levels of angiotensin II, resulting in vasodilation and, consequently, decreased blood pressure.

Question 3

These are tiny masses of material,hardened in the lumen of the urinary tubule and are flushed out when filtrate builds up behind them:

Accepted Answer

Casts are tiny masses of material that can form in the lumen of the urinary tubule and are made up of cells, protein, or other substances. They can form when filtrate builds up behind them and are flushed out with the urine. Ketone bodies, erythrocytes, microbes, and urobilinogen are not typically associated with the formation of casts in the urinary system.

Question 4

The kidneys release _________ to raise blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

The kidneys release renin in response to low blood pressure. Renin then initiates a series of reactions that lead to the production of angiotensin II, which helps increase blood pressure.

Question 5

Anorexia,starvation,or a diet too low in carbohydrates manifests as which condition?

Accepted Answer

Ketogenesis occurs in the liver when the body is not receiving enough carbohydrates to properly function. This results in ketone bodies being produced and excreted in the urine, causing ketonuria. Anorexia, starvation, or a diet too low in carbohydrates can all lead to this condition.

Question 6

Candida albicans and E.coli are which type of abnormal constituent of urine:

Accepted Answer

Candida albicans and E.coli are microbes that indicate a urinary tract infection. They are not ketone bodies, erythrocytes, casts, or urobilinogen.

Question 7

Excessive urine concentration of a normal breakdown product of hemoglobin,caused by pernicious anemia,infectious hepatitis,jaundice or cirrhosis,manifests as which condition?

Accepted Answer

excessive urine concentration of urobilinogen is a characteristic symptom of pernicious anemia, infectious hepatitis, jaundice, or cirrhosis.

Question 8

Stress,causing excessive amounts of epinephrine secretion which stimulates glycogen breakdown,manifests as which condition? This condition can also indicate diabetes mellitus.

Accepted Answer

Stress can cause an excessive amount of epinephrine secretion, which stimulates glycogen breakdown and results in an increase in blood glucose levels. Glucose then spills into the urine, a condition known as glucosuria. Glucosuria can also indicate diabetes mellitus, where the body is unable to properly regulate blood glucose levels. The other options (albuminuria, urobilinogenuria, hematuria, and bilirubinuria) do not necessarily indicate stress or diabetes mellitus.

Question 9

What is the normal specific gravity range of urine in humans?

Accepted Answer

The normal specific gravity range of urine in humans is between 1.001 and 1.035.

Question 10

Excessive calcium ingestion and low water intake can lead to which condition?

Accepted Answer

Excessive calcium ingestion and low water intake can lead to the formation of renal calculi (kidney stones).

Question 11

This hormone is released when the blood volume increases.

Accepted Answer

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is released from the heart when the blood volume increases. ANP helps the body to get rid of excess salt and water, which lowers blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 12

In males,both the urinary system and the _________ use the urethra.

Accepted Answer

The urethra is part of both the urinary system and the male reproductive system. It serves as a passage for urine and semen to exit the body.

Question 13

Another name for the glomerular capsule is _____ capsule.

Accepted Answer

The glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman's capsule, named after its discoverer, Sir William Bowman. Choices A, B, and C refer to other anatomical structures that are not related to the glomerular capsule. Choice E is named after a living scientist and is not a commonly used term for the glomerular capsule.

Question 14

What is the normal pH range of urine in humans?

Accepted Answer

The normal pH range of urine in humans is 4.6 to 8.0. This range is slightly acidic to slightly basic, and it can vary depending on diet, medication, and certain medical conditions. Option B is the only one that falls within this range. Option A is too high, option C is too low, and option E is extremely high. Option D is also too low and unlikely to be found in normal urine.

Question 15

Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone.

Accepted Answer

Consumption of salty food increases blood osmolarity, which triggers the release of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) to promote water reabsorption in the kidneys and dilute the excess salt.

Question 16

The kidneys convert some of the bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown to ________,a
Yellow pigment.

Accepted Answer

The kidneys convert some of the bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown to urobilin, which gives urine its yellow color. This is not to be confused with urobilinogen, which is a colorless byproduct of bilirubin breakdown that can be converted to other pigments such as urobilin or stercobilin. Bile is produced in the liver and assists in fat digestion, but it may contain bilirubin as a waste product. Stercobilin is a brown pigment derived from the breakdown of bilirubin that colors feces. Albumin is a protein produced by the liver that helps regulate blood volume and transport substances such as hormones and drugs.

Question 17

This substance gives bile its major pigmentation:

Accepted Answer

Bilirubin is the major pigment component of bile and is derived from the breakdown of heme-containing proteins, particularly hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Bilirubin is excreted into bile and gives bile its characteristic greenish-yellow color.

Question 18

Some kidney diseases cause a change in the permeability of glomerular capillaries making
Them more permeable to plasma proteins.This changes the colloid osmotic pressure,thus
Drawing water out of the blood and into tissues.The result is

Accepted Answer

When the permeability of glomerular capillaries increases, it leads to the leakage of plasma proteins from the blood into tissues. This increases the colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid, causing the water to move from the blood into tissues, resulting in swelling or edema. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 19

Shock wave lithotripsy is often used to treat which condition?

Accepted Answer

Shock wave lithotripsy is a non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones (renal calculi). It is a common treatment for this condition.

Question 20

What is the normal volume of urine produced in humans?

Accepted Answer

The normal volume of urine produced in humans is typically around 1-2 liters per day. Option A (1-2 L/hr) and option C (2-3 L/hr) are incorrect as they imply a much higher rate of urine production which is not sustainable for the body. Option D (3-4 L/week) is too low and option E (10 L/24 hours) is too high. Therefore, the best choice is option B (1-2 L/day).

Quiz 26: The Urinary System