Question 1

The Harry Harlow (1958)study concluded that contact comfort is more important for attachment than feeding.What evidence was used to support this conclusion?

Accepted Answer

The study found that baby monkeys spent more time with the cloth surrogate mothers than with the wire surrogate mothers, indicating that contact comfort was more important for attachment than feeding. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer. Choices A and D do not provide evidence for the conclusion, and choice C contradicts the finding of the study.

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson,which of the following is TRUE concerning children and autonomy?

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson, in the early stage of psychosocial development (ages 1-3), children develop a sense of autonomy as they explore and assert their independence. However, if they are consistently overprotected or criticized, they may develop excessive shame and doubt, hindering their ability to develop autonomy. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it reflects Erikson's theory. A is incorrect as too much autonomy without guidance can be harmful. B is incorrect as shame and doubt come before autonomy in Erikson's theory. C is incorrect as autonomy is developed before shame and doubt.

Question 3

In the Strange Situation,Latoya basically ignored her mother,was not upset when she left the room,and did not seek her out when she returned.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as:

Accepted Answer

Latoya's behavior of ignoring her mother, not being upset when she left the room, and not seeking her out when she returned indicates an insecure-avoidant attachment style. Children with insecure-avoidant attachment tend to avoid their caregivers and can be indifferent or emotionally unresponsive towards them. They also do not seek comfort from their caregivers when distressed.

Question 4

Janine impatiently grabs the door handle from her toddler daughter,quickly opens the door,and hurries the little girl through.Erik Erikson would say that Janine's daughter:

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, children between the ages of 1 and 3 develop a sense of autonomy versus shame and doubt. Autonomy is developed when children are allowed to explore their environment and assert their independence. However, if parents consistently restrict their child's autonomy and assertiveness, the child may develop shame and doubt about their abilities. Janine's impatient and hurried behavior in this instance may make her daughter feel restricted and uncertain about her abilities, leading to a sense of shame and doubt over time. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 5

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

Accepted Answer

Overprotectiveness can make children doubt their abilities and fear taking risks. Criticism can make them ashamed of their mistakes and feel like they are not good enough. This combination can create a sense of shame and doubt in children.

Question 6

In the Strange Situation,Jermaine used his mother as "secure base" as he actively explored the playroom.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as:

Accepted Answer

Jermaine's behavior of using his mother as a secure base and actively exploring the playroom signifies that he has a secure attachment style, which is characterized by the child's trust in the caregiver's availability and responsiveness.

Question 7

Twenty-month-old Misha is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Misha will most likely:

Accepted Answer

At around 18 months, children begin to recognize their own reflection in a mirror. They may touch their own nose to try to wipe off the spot, indicating self-recognition.

Question 8

When put on the floor to play,baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held.When her mother picks her up,though,Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away.Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When put on the floor to play,baby...

Question 9

According to some research,what might be more important than attachment style in predicting later social functioning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to some research,what might be more...

Question 10

Jerome Kagan's views on attachment stress:

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan's views suggest that a child's temperament and genetic characteristics play a crucial role in how they respond to attachment stress. Some children may be more resilient or susceptible to stress based on their innate traits, regardless of the quality of parenting or attachment to a primary caregiver.

Question 11

During which time period does the interaction with peers tend to increase the most dramatically?

Accepted Answer

Between the ages of 18 and 24 months, children tend to experience a peak in their interaction with peers. This is when children begin to engage in more complex social interactions and show a greater interest in playing and interacting with others. During this period, children also begin to develop more advanced social skills, such as sharing, taking turns, and cooperating, which further supports their peer interactions.

Question 12

Attachment theorists would agree on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Attachment theorists would agree that sensitive responsiveness on the part of caregivers will help infants develop secure attachments. They would not agree that there is a critical period for attachment during the first 2 months of life (A), as attachment can develop throughout early childhood. They also would not agree that secure attachment to a single primary caregiver is essential for healthy social development (B) as multiple attachments can also be beneficial. Additionally, while a child's temperament may impact their attachment style, attachment theorists would not view it as more important than secure attachment for healthy social development (C).

Question 13

Attachment refers to:

Accepted Answer

Attachment refers to the close emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver. This bond is characterized by the infant seeking comfort and security from their caregiver when distressed or threatened, and by the caregiver providing a secure base from which the infant can explore and interact with the environment. Attachment does not necessarily involve contact with an object or a positive response to others besides the primary caregiver.

Question 14

According to John Bowlby,at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

Accepted Answer

According to John Bowlby, at 24 months, infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting.

Question 15

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth.It requires the infant to:

Accepted Answer

The Strange Situation requires the infant to experience a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the mother and a stranger. This allows observers to evaluate the infant's behavior in response to the presence and absence of a familiar caregiver and a stranger, which provides insight into the quality of their attachment. The other options listed do not accurately describe the Strange Situation.

Question 16

Marcos is 16 and eager to graduate from high school and go on to college.He has a clear sense of what he wants for a career and has well-defined values.Which of the following best accounts for Marcos' sense of identity?

Accepted Answer

Marcos' clear sense of identity suggests that he has developed autonomy during childhood. Autonomy is the ability to make independent decisions and develop one's own sense of self, which can lead to a strong sense of identity later in life. Close attachment with parents, an easy temperament, and trust development as an infant can contribute to a healthy psychological development, but they do not necessarily account for Marcos' sense of identity.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an example of locomotive activity?

Accepted Answer

Locomotive activity involves physical movement or motion from one place to another. Option A refers to an emotional attachment between individuals and does not involve physical movement. The other options involve physical movement and are examples of locomotive activity.

Question 18

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,what is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

During phase 1 of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which occurs from birth to around 2 months of age, infants show indiscriminate attachment to both familiar and unfamiliar people. They do not yet distinguish between caregivers and strangers, and their attachment is not yet specific to one particular person. They may show some preference for familiar faces, but they do not exhibit anxiety or distress when separated from a particular caregiver. Therefore, option D is the most appropriate choice.

Question 19

In the Strange Situation,Cameron did not explore the playroom,clung to his mother when she was in the room,and was very upset when she left the room.When she returned,he appeared to be ambivalent-both wanting to be comforted by his mother,but pushing her away when she attempted to do so.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as:

Accepted Answer

Cameron's behavior in the Strange Situation indicates that he is insecurely attached, as evidenced by his inability to effectively utilize his mother as a secure base for exploration and his ambivalent behavior upon her return. Additionally, his clinging behavior and distress upon separation suggest resistance towards his mother's departure. Combining these factors would lead Mary Ainsworth to classify Cameron as insecure resistant.

Question 20

In a classic study of attachment by Harry Harlow,infant monkeys spent more time with the _______ monkey regardless of which monkey fed them.

Accepted Answer

In Harlow's study, infant monkeys spent more time with the cloth monkey even though it did not provide food, indicating that they were seeking comfort and attachment rather than just a source of nourishment.

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

The Harry Harlow (1958) study concluded that contact comfort is more important for attachment than feeding.What evidence was used to support this conclusion?