Question 1

All of the following pertain to endotoxins, except they
A)are specific bacterial cell wall lipids.
B)can stimulate fever in the human body.
C)can cause shock in the human body.
D)are involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis cases.
E)are found in acid fast bacterial cell walls.

Accepted Answer

Endotoxins are not found in acid fast bacterial cell walls. Endotoxins are specific bacterial cell wall lipids and can stimulate fever and cause shock in the human body. They are involved in some diseases such as typhoid fever and some meningitis cases.

Question 2

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is
A)endospore.
B)cell wall.
C)cell membrane.
D)capsule.
E)slime layer.

Accepted Answer

The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the cell, preventing it from rupturing in a hypotonic environment such as freshwater. Endospores, capsules, slime layers, and cell membranes do not provide the necessary structural support to prevent cell rupture in this situation.

Question 3

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is
A)Mycobacterium.
B)Mycoplasma.
C)Streptococcus.
D)Corynebacterium.
E)Salmonella.

Accepted Answer

Mycobacterium has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls, which makes them resistant to drying and disinfectants. Mycoplasma does not have a cell wall, while Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Salmonella have different types of cell wall compositions.

Question 4

Which of the following, pertaining to prokaryotic cell membranes, is mismatched?
A)internal folds - mesosomes
B)sterols present - mycoplasmas
C)form a bilayer - phospholipids
D)unique hydrocarbon present - cyanobacteria
E)function - regulates transport of nutrients and wastes
04)15 Describe the structure of the cell membrane and explain several of its major roles in bacterial cells.

Accepted Answer

Cyanobacteria do not have unique hydrocarbons in their membranes; this is a characteristic of archaea.

Question 5

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's
A)ribosomes.
B)inclusions.
C)cell wall.
D)cell membrane.
E)flagella.04.13 Summarize how gram-positive and gram-negative cells differ in their reactions.

Accepted Answer

The Gram stain differentiates between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells based on differences in their cell walls. Gram-positive cells have a thick peptidoglycan layer which retains the crystal violet stain, while Gram-negative cells have a thinner peptidoglycan layer with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides which prevent the crystal violet stain from entering, but retain the counterstain safranin.

Question 6

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be
A)material would not be able to cross the cell membrane.
B)protein synthesis would stop.
C)destruction of the cell's DNA.
D)formation of glycogen inclusions.
E)loss of capsule.04.16 List the contents of the cell cytoplasm.04.18 Characterize the bacterial ribosomes and cytoskeleton.

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. If they are destroyed, the cell would not be able to produce proteins, which are essential for all cellular processes.

Question 7

All bacterial cells have
A)a chromosome.
B)fimbriae.
C)endospores.
D)capsules.
E)flagella.04.02 Identify the primary properties that define life and living things.

Accepted Answer

All bacterial cells have a chromosome, which contains their genetic material and is essential for their survival and reproduction. Fimbriae, endospores, capsules, and flagella are structures found in some bacterial cells, but not all.

Question 8

The periplasmic space is
A)larger in gram-positive bacteria.
B)made up of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids.
C)an important reaction site for substances entering and leaving the cell.
D)where peptidoglycan is located.
E)absent in gram-negative bacteria.04.15 Describe the structure of the cell membrane and explain several of its major roles in bacterial cells.

Accepted Answer

The periplasmic space is an important reaction site for substances entering and leaving the cell.

Answer: E
 The periplasmic space is absent in gram-negative bacteria.

Regarding the second question, since it asks for multiple answers, there are different ways to answer it. Here's one possible solution:

Answer: 
- The cell membrane in bacteria is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, and its basic structure is similar to that of eukaryotic cells.
- The cell membrane has several roles in bacterial cells, including:
	- Controlling the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell, which is crucial for nutrient uptake, waste removal, and other cellular processes.
	- Maintaining the proton motive force that drives ATP synthesis and other membrane-dependent reactions.
	- Serving as a scaffold for various enzymatic complexes and receptor proteins that participate in signal transduction, chemotaxis, and other cellular responses.
	- Providing a barrier against toxins, detergents, and other harmful agents that could disrupt cell function or integrity.
	- Regulating cell shape, size, and division by interacting with the cell wall and cytoskeleton.

Question 9

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called
A)flagella.
B)cilia.
C)fimbriae.
D)periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E)sex pili.

Accepted Answer

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves specialized appendages called sex pili. These rigid, tubular appendages allow for the transfer of genetic material between bacteria. Flagella and cilia are involved in bacterial motility, while fimbriae are involved in adherence to surfaces. Periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) are found in spirochetes and are involved in bacterial motility.

Question 10

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has
A)fimbriae.
B)capsule.
C)mesosomes.
D)flagella.
E)metachromatic granules.

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis is the movement of a cell towards or away from a chemical stimulus. Flagella are responsible for the movement of bacterial cells, thus they are necessary for chemotaxis. Fimbriae and capsules are not related to movement, mesosomes are internal structures involved in cellular respiration, and metachromatic granules are storage structures for certain nutrients.

Question 11

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial
A)cell walls.
B)cell membranes.
C)capsules.
D)slime layers.
E)inclusions.

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan is a major component of bacterial cell walls, providing structural support and protection. It is not found in cell membranes, capsules, slime layers, or inclusions.

Question 12

A procaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is
A)gram-negative.
B)gram-positive.
C)archaea.
D)spheroplast.
E)acid fast.04.15 Describe the structure of the cell membrane and explain several of its major roles in bacterial cells.

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive cells have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, which is reinforced by teichoic and lipoteichoic acids.

Answer: The cell membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the cytoplasm of bacterial cells. Its major roles include:
- Regulating the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment, including nutrients and waste products
- Anchoring proteins that are involved in important cellular processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis
- Detecting and responding to changes in the environment, such as chemical signals or changes in temperature or pH
- Providing a barrier that protects the cell from toxins and other harmful substances

Overall, the cell membrane is a critical component of bacterial cells that plays a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to environmental changes.

Question 13

Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages, except
A)flagella.
B)cilia.
C)fimbriae.
D)periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E)sex pili.

Accepted Answer

Bacterial cells do not have cilia. Cilia are found in eukaryotic cells, such as in animal cells. Flagella, fimbriae, periplasmic flagella, and sex pili are all appendages found in bacterial cells.

Question 14

Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of
A)gram-negative bacteria.
B)gram-positive bacteria.
C)acid fast bacteria.
D)mycoplasmas.
E)protoplasts.

Accepted Answer

Lipopolysaccharide is a complex molecule found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

Question 15

The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is
A)more peptidoglycan.
B)predominance of unique, waxy lipids.
C)easily decolorized.
D)presence of lipopolysaccharide.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Accepted Answer

Mycobacterium and Nocardia have a unique, waxy lipid layer on their cell wall called mycolic acid, which is not present in typical gram-positive bacterial cell walls. This lipid layer makes them resistant to many antibiotics and disinfectants, as well as enabling them to survive in harsh environments, such as the human body.

Question 16

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized?
A)slime layer
B)fimbriae
C)cell membrane
D)capsule
E)All of the choices are correct

Accepted Answer

The capsule is a structure made of polysaccharides that surrounds the cell wall of some bacteria. It provides protection against phagocytosis by making it difficult for immune cells to engulf and destroy the bacteria. The slime layer and fimbriae may provide some protection, but not to the extent of the capsule. The cell membrane is not a physical barrier to phagocytosis. Therefore, the best choice is D, the capsule.

Question 17

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called
A)flagella.
B)cilia.
C)fimbriae.
D)periplasmic flagella
E)sex pili.

Accepted Answer

Fimbriae are short, hair-like appendages on the surface of some bacterial cells that are used for adherence to various surfaces, including host cells. They allow bacteria to colonize and persist in different environments. Flagella are long, whip-like structures used for locomotion. Cilia are similar to flagella but are found on eukaryotic cells. Periplasmic flagella are found in some spirochetes and are located in the periplasmic space between the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. Sex pili are longer, thinner appendages used for conjugation (gene transfer) in bacteria.

Question 18

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called
A)flagella.
B)cilia.
C)fimbriae.
D)periplasmic flagella.
E)sex pili.

Accepted Answer

Spirochetes have periplasmic flagella, also called axial filaments, that are located between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer. These flagella enable the spirochetes to move in a spiral manner and flex and bend as they move.

Question 19

The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is
A)amphitrichous.
B)atrichous.
C)lophotrichous.
D)monotrichous.
E)peritrichous.

Accepted Answer

Peritrichous refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface. The other choices refer to specific arrangements of flagella (amphitrichous - flagella at both ends, atrichous - no flagella, lophotrichous - multiple flagella at one or both ends, monotrichous - single flagellum at one end).

Question 20

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease, except
A)inclusions.
B)the fimbriae.
C)the capsule.
D)the slime layer.
E)the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

Accepted Answer

Inclusions are not directly involved in the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease. They are simply storage structures for nutrients and other substances. The other structures listed (fimbriae, capsule, slime layer, and outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls) all contribute to the pathogenicity of bacteria by allowing them to adhere to host cells, resist immune defenses, and invade tissues.

Quiz 4: A Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

All of the following pertain to endotoxins, except they

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is

Which of the following, pertaining to prokaryotic cell membranes, is mismatched?

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be

All bacterial cells have

The periplasmic space is

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial

A procaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is

Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages, except

Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of

The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized?

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called

The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease, except