Question 1

An individual has been born with Kartagener's syndrome, a disorder of microtubules that impairs the motion of cilia and flagella.What type of infections would you predict would be most common in this individual?

Accepted Answer

The impaired motion of cilia and flagella in Kartagener's syndrome leads to the inability to clear mucus, debris, and pathogens from the respiratory tract. This can result in chronic respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. Therefore, it is predicted that respiratory infections would be most common in this individual.

Question 2

All of the following are the results of complement activation, except

Accepted Answer

Complement activation can lead to opsonization, enhanced inflammation, and lysis of bacterial cells; however, it does not directly lead to increased antibody production. Antibody production is a separate process that involves activation and proliferation of B cells.

Question 3

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term _____ is given to any...

Question 4

Describe the physical or anatomical barriers at the following body sites, and explain how they accomplish body defense: a) eyes, b) skin, c) gastrointestinal tract, d) respiratory tract, and e) urinary tract.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the physical or anatomical barriers at...

Question 5

Which of the following would be a likely outcome if an individual had neutrophils that were incapable of diapedesis?

Accepted Answer

Diapedesis is the process by which neutrophils leave blood vessels and enter tissues to combat infections. If an individual's neutrophils were incapable of diapedesis, then they would not be able to get to the site of an infection and would therefore be unable to fight it off. This would likely result in repeated bacterial infections.

Question 6

Each of the following will enhance and promote phagocytosis, except

Accepted Answer

Interferon does not directly enhance phagocytosis, but rather has antiviral effects by inducing an antiviral state in cells. The other choices all directly enhance and promote phagocytosis.

Question 7

The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ system of blood proteins act...

Question 8

Describe the cell morphology, colors, and percentage of the total white blood cell count for each type of white blood cell that would be distinguished by a hematologist analyzing a stained blood smear.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the cell morphology, colors, and percentage...

Question 9

There is an inherited disorder that decreases the ability of neutrophils to produce a respiratory burst.What aspect of phagocytosis will be affected by this defect?

Accepted Answer

The respiratory burst is essential for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the phagosome. These ROS are critical for the destruction of engulfed microbes. Therefore, a defect in the respiratory burst will greatly impact the ability of neutrophils to kill microbes, making destruction of microbes affected.

Question 10

If a splinter of wood were to enter the skin and introduce microorganisms to that site, what specific early and late events of inflammation would respond to that newly infected tissue? Describe the sequence of signs and symptoms, vascular and tissue events, and cells and mediators involved.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a splinter of wood were to...

Question 11

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A person will typically experience the sensation...

Question 12

Children with DiGeorge Syndrome are born without a thymus.Discuss, in detail, the repercussions to body defense mechanisms caused by this disease.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children with DiGeorge Syndrome are born without...

Quiz 14: An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities