Question 1

The antibody titer in the primary response is much greater than that of the secondary response.

Accepted Answer

The antibody titer in the secondary response far surpasses that of the primary response.See Figure 31.6B.

Question 2

What information can a physician obtain from an antibody titer?

Accepted Answer

After a vaccine is given,it is possible to determine the antibody titer (the amount of antibody present in a sample of plasma).After the first exposure to a vaccine,a primary response occurs.For a period of several days,no antibodies are present;then the titer rises slowly,followed by first a plateau and then a gradual decline as the antibodies bind to the antigen or simply break down (Fig.31.6B).

Question 3

______________ are produced by white blood cells which act to stimulate other white blood cells.

Accepted Answer

Cytokines called interleukins are produced by white blood cells,and they act to stimulate other white blood cells.

Question 4

A chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antibodies to the nuclei of the body's cells is

Accepted Answer

Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antibodies to the nuclei of the body's cells.

Question 5

A biologist is studying a cytokine produced by macrophages that have the ability to promote the inflammatory response and cause the death of cancer cells.Based on this information you would conclude that he or she is studying:

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)is a cytokine produced by macrophages that has the ability to promote the inflammatory response and to cause the death of cancer cells.

Question 6

Which of the following components are responsible for moving lymph from the lymph capillary to the lymph vessels?

Accepted Answer

The construction of the larger lymphatic vessels is similar to that of cardiovascular veins,including the presence of valves.Skeletal muscle contraction forces lymph through lymphatic vessels,and the one-way valves prevent it from flowing backward.

Question 7

What is the correct order of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic vessels form a one-way system that begins with lymphatic capillaries (Fig.31.1A).Lymphatic capillaries take up excess tissue fluid.The lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels that merge before entering one of two ducts: the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct.

Question 8

During cell-to-cell combat between a cytotoxic T cell and a cancer cell,what substances are used to perforate the cancer cells membrane?

Accepted Answer

After a cytotoxic T cell binds to a virus-infected cell or cancer cell,it releases perforin molecules,which perforate the plasma membrane,forming a pore.

Question 9

Which of the following would be considered an autoimmune disorder?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune disorder that causes recurring inflammation in synovial joints.

Question 10

What is the main reason that organ transplants are rejected?

Accepted Answer

Rejection occurs because antibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring about the destruction of foreign tissues in the body.When rejection occurs,the immune system is correctly distinguishing between self and nonself.

Question 11

A patient has recently had a kidney transplant but is experiencing rejection of the new kidney.What is most likely the cause of the rejection?

Accepted Answer

Rejection occurs because antibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring about the destruction of foreign tissues in the body.When rejection occurs,the immune system is correctly distinguishing between self and nonself.It is best if the transplanted organ has the same type of MHC antigens as those of the recipient,because cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign MHC antigens.

Question 12

Which of the following is a reason why transplanted tissues and organs may be rejected by the host?

Accepted Answer

Organ rejection can be controlled by carefully selecting the organ to be transplanted and administering immunosuppressive drugs.It is best if the transplanted organ has the same type of MHC antigens as those of the recipient,because cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign MHC antigens.

Question 13

If you were studying disorders that are classified by the failure of the immune system to distinguish between foreign tissue and the self-antigens which make up the bodies own tissue you would be studying which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disorders are diseases that can be characterized by the failure of the immune system to distinguish between foreign antigens and the self-antigens that mark the body's own tissues.In an autoimmune disease,chronic inflammation occurs,and cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own cells as if they displayed foreign antigens.

Question 14

Which statement about immunity is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

Some cytotoxic T cells become memory T cells,ever ready to defend against the same virus or kill the same type of cancer cell again.

Question 15

A patient presented the following symptoms to the doctor: inflammation of his knees that includes pain and tenderness accompanied by a 30% decrease in the amount of cartilage surrounding the bones that make up the knee joint.Which disorder would you diagnose the patient as having?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune disorder that causes recurring inflammation in synovial joints (Fig.31.8A).Complement proteins,T cells,and B cells all participate in deterioration of the joints,which eventually become immobile.This chronic inflammation gradually causes destruction of the delicate membrane and cartilage within the joint.

Question 16

Which of the following is currently being studied as an adjunct therapy for cancer?

Accepted Answer

Because cytokines stimulate white blood cells,they have been studied as a possible adjunct therapy for cancer.

Question 17

The use of animal tissues or organs in humans is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of animal tissues and organs into human beings.

Quiz 31: Lymph Transport and Immunity