Question 1

If one wants to compare the rank ordering of scores as a function of different groups,then a(n)_____ should be used.
A)nonparametric test
B)parametric test
C)t test
D)F test

Accepted Answer

A nonparametric test, such as the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test, is appropriate for comparing rank ordering of scores as it does not assume normality or equal variances among the groups. Nonparametric tests are also robust against outliers and can handle small sample sizes. On the other hand, parametric tests, such as t-tests or F-tests, assume normality and equal variances and may not be appropriate for comparing rank ordering of scores.

Question 2

Extreme values might prove to be problematic for parametric analyses,but they pose no particular problem for many nonparametric analyses.Because of this property,nonparametric tests are often said to be:
A)robust
B)corrected
C)outlier sensitive
D)outlier resistant

Accepted Answer

The answer of Extreme values might prove to be problematic...

Question 3

Rather than comparing groups in terms of _____,the nonparametric procedures compare groups in terms of _____ or other features of a distribution.
A)medians;means
B)means;medians
C)modes;means
D)means;variances

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric procedures often compare groups based on medians or other distribution features, rather than means, which are used in parametric tests.

Question 4

Most of the parametric tests that we have considered have a nonparametric counterpart in the sense that the structure of the _____ is comparable across the two methods of analysis.
A)summary table
B)underlying distribution
C)critical ratio
D)independent variable

Accepted Answer

The answer of Most of the parametric tests that we...

Question 5

You are given the following data:
Subject 1 2 3 4 5
Score 10 12 8 10 2
Rank -- -- -- -- --
The ranks for the scores of subjects 1-5 are ____.
A)3.5,5,2,3.5,1
B)1,2,3.5,3.5,5
C)3,5,2,4,1
D)none of these

Accepted Answer

To find the ranks, we arrange the scores in descending order: 12, 10, 10, 8, 2. Then we assign ranks based on the position in this ordering. So scores of 12 and 10 both get a rank of 1 and 2, and scores of 8 and 2 both get a rank of 4 and 5 (since there are ties, we take the average of the ranks). Therefore, the ranks for the scores of subjects 1-5 are 3.5, 1, 3.5, 2, and 5, respectively. Choice A is the only answer choice that matches these ranks.

Question 6

There are two major types of nonparametric counterparts to parametric test: _____ tests and _____ tests.
A)robust;nonrobust
B)significance;nonsignificance
C)rank;signed
D)signed;unsigned

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests are often used when the assumptions of parametric tests are not met or when the data is not normally distributed. Rank tests, such as the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test, compare the medians of two or more groups based on the rank ordering of the data. Signed tests, such as the sign test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, compare the difference between paired observations or the change in measurements within a single group based on the sign of the differences. Therefore, the correct answer is C, rank and signed tests.

Question 7

Nonparametric tests can be used to analyze _____ variables that are measured on a(n)_____ level.
A)quantitative;ordinal
B)qualitative;interval
C)quantitative;nominal
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests are suitable for analyzing quantitative variables measured on an ordinal level, as they do not assume a specific distribution and can handle ranked data.

Question 8

The most common approach to dealing with tied scores is to rank the scores by assigning the average rank for ties and then to introduce a(n)_____ into the formula for the test statistic to adjust for the presence of ties.
A)correction term
B)error term
C)nonparametric term
D)rank-order term

Accepted Answer

The correction term adjusts for the presence of ties in the ranking process and ensures that the test statistic is calculated correctly.

Question 9

A benefit of many nonparametric statistical tests is their relative lack of sensitivity to:
A)standard errors
B)slightly skewed distributions
C)error scores
D)outliers

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests do not assume a specific distribution of the data, and therefore they are less sensitive to outliers. Parametric tests, on the other hand, assume a specific distribution and can be greatly affected by outliers.

Question 10

When one or both sample sizes are smaller than 10,the sampling distribution of the R statistic does not approximate a normal distribution,so application of the _____ is not appropriate.
A)Wilcoxon rank sum test
B)Mann-Whitney U test
C)multiple R test
D)none of these

Accepted Answer

The Wilcoxon rank sum test is not appropriate when one or both sample sizes are smaller than 10 because the sampling distribution of the R statistic does not approximate a normal distribution.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a requirement for the Mann-Whitney U?
A)The independent variable must be between-subjects.
B)The independent variable must be qualitative.
C)The dependent variable is measured at the ordinal level.
D)The independent variable has only two levels.

Accepted Answer

The Mann-Whitney U test does not have a requirement for the independent variable to be qualitative. Instead, it can be either qualitative or quantitative, but it must have two independent groups with independent observations. The other requirements are that the independent variable must be between-subjects, the dependent variable is measured at the ordinal level, and the independent variable has only two levels.

Question 12

In cases where a tie occurs,the tied scores are assigned the _____ of the ranks involved.
A)highest
B)average
C)lowest
D)mode

Accepted Answer

When a tie occurs, the tied scores are assigned the average of the ranks involved. This ensures that each individual receives a unique and fair ranking. Assigning the highest or lowest rank to tied scores may unfairly advantage or disadvantage certain individuals. Using the mode is not a reliable method for breaking ties as it only represents the most frequent score and does not take into account other scores that may be equally as common. Therefore, assigning the average rank is the most appropriate method for dealing with tied scores.

Question 13

Distribution-free tests are used when _____.
A)samples are larger than 40
B)parametric assumptions are markedly violated
C)data are normally distributed
D)none of these

Accepted Answer

Distribution-free tests, also known as nonparametric tests, are used when traditional parametric assumptions (such as normality, equal variance, or independence) are violated. These tests do not require the assumption of a particular distribution for the population being sampled, and are typically used with smaller sample sizes or when the data do not meet traditional assumptions. The size of the sample, as in option A, is not a criteria for choosing distribution-free tests. Option C is incorrect because distribution-free tests do not assume normality.

Question 14

Statistical tests that require assumptions about the distribution of scores in the populations from which the samples are selected are called _____ statistical tests.
A)robust
B)distributional
C)parametric
D)nonparametric

Accepted Answer

Parametric statistical tests assume a specific distribution of scores, usually a normal distribution. Nonparametric tests do not require assumptions about the distribution of scores. Robust statistics refer to methods that are not sensitive to outliers or violations of assumptions, while distributional statistics focus on the shape of the distribution of the data. Therefore, C (parametric) is the correct answer.

Question 15

The Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Mann-Whitney U test are the nonparametric counterparts of the:
A)one-sample z test
B)correlated groups t test
C)independent groups t test
D)none of these

Accepted Answer

The Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Mann-Whitney U test are both used to compare two independent groups, making them the nonparametric counterparts of the independent groups t test. Therefore, the correct choice is C. They are not related to the one-sample z test or correlated groups t test.

Question 16

A nonparametric statistical test will typically be used when data are measured at the _____ or _____ level.
A)nominal;interval
B)nominal;ordinal
C)ordinal;ratio
D)interval;ratio

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests are used when the data are not normally distributed or when the assumptions of parametric tests are not met. Nominal and ordinal data are both non-parametric in nature, since they do not have an inherent numerical value. Therefore, the best choice is B - when data are measured at the nominal or ordinal level.

Question 17

Two types of nonparametric tests are _____ and _____ tests.
A)frequency;rank
B)frequency;sign
C)rank;variance
D)rank;sign

Accepted Answer

The two types of nonparametric tests are rank tests and sign tests. Option D correctly lists both of these types. Option A is incorrect because frequency tests are not a type of nonparametric test, and option B is incorrect because sign tests are a type of nonparametric test but frequency tests are not. Option C is incorrect because variance tests are not a type of nonparametric test.

Question 18

_____ statistical tests are a class of statistics that,in general,make few,if any,distributional assumptions
A)nonparametric
B)distribution-free
C)parametric
D)a and b

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric and distribution-free tests are used when information about the underlying distribution of the data is unavailable or unreliable. These tests do not make any distributional assumptions and are therefore considered flexible and robust. Parametric tests, on the other hand, assume that the data follows a specific distribution, such as normal or Poisson, and may not be appropriate when these assumptions are violated. Therefore, both nonparametric and distribution-free tests are considered to be more flexible and generally preferred when distributional assumptions cannot be met.

Question 19

The _____ involves converting a set of scores on a variable to ranks and then analyzing these rank scores using the traditional parametric formulas.
A)rank order approach
B)rank transformation approach
C)parametric approach
D)traditional approach

Accepted Answer

The question is describing the rank transformation approach, which involves converting scores to ranks and then using parametric formulas on those rank scores. Therefore, the best choice is B, the rank transformation approach.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a requirement for the Wilcoxon ranked-sum test?
A)The independent variable is within-groups or matched.
B)The independent variable has two levels.
C)The dependent variable is measured at the ordinal level.
D)The R statistic is normally distributeD.

Accepted Answer

The Wilcoxon ranked-sum test is used for independent samples, not within-groups or matched samples.

Quiz 15: Nonparametric Statistics

If one wants to compare the rank ordering of scores as a function of different groups,then a(n) _____ should be used.

Extreme values might prove to be problematic for parametric analyses,but they pose no particular problem for many nonparametric analyses.Because of this property,nonparametric tests are often said to be:

Rather than comparing groups in terms of _,the nonparametric procedures compare groups in terms of _ or other features of a distribution.

Most of the parametric tests that we have considered have a nonparametric counterpart in the sense that the structure of the _____ is comparable across the two methods of analysis.

You are given the following data: Subject 1 2 3 4 5 Score 10 12 8 10 2 Rank -- -- -- -- -- The ranks for the scores of subjects 1-5 are ____.

There are two major types of nonparametric counterparts to parametric test: _ tests and _ tests.

Nonparametric tests can be used to analyze _ variables that are measured on a(n) _ level.

The most common approach to dealing with tied scores is to rank the scores by assigning the average rank for ties and then to introduce a(n) _____ into the formula for the test statistic to adjust for the presence of ties.

A benefit of many nonparametric statistical tests is their relative lack of sensitivity to:

When one or both sample sizes are smaller than 10,the sampling distribution of the R statistic does not approximate a normal distribution,so application of the _____ is not appropriate.

Which of the following is not a requirement for the Mann-Whitney U?

In cases where a tie occurs,the tied scores are assigned the _____ of the ranks involved.

Distribution-free tests are used when _____.

Statistical tests that require assumptions about the distribution of scores in the populations from which the samples are selected are called _____ statistical tests.

The Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Mann-Whitney U test are the nonparametric counterparts of the:

A nonparametric statistical test will typically be used when data are measured at the _ or _ level.

Two types of nonparametric tests are _ and _ tests.

_____ statistical tests are a class of statistics that,in general,make few,if any,distributional assumptions

The _____ involves converting a set of scores on a variable to ranks and then analyzing these rank scores using the traditional parametric formulas.

Which of the following is not a requirement for the Wilcoxon ranked-sum test?