Question 1

A researcher plans to use the reversibility of the desired target behavior as evidence of a treatment effect.She does not want the subject to leave the experiment showing the original,undesirable behavior.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?
A) A-B-A design
B) A-B-A-B design
C) interaction design
D) multiple-baseline design

Accepted Answer

The A-B-A-B design is the most appropriate for this study as it allows for the replication of the initial baseline (A) after the treatment is removed (B), and then introduces the treatment again (B), followed by the replication of the initial baseline (A). This design enables the researcher to observe whether the target behavior is reversible and whether the treatment has a lasting effect. By including a second baseline and treatment phase, it also allows the researcher to establish whether any changes in the behavior are due to the treatment or other factors.

Question 2

What is the name of the single-subject research design that introduces an independent variable at different times for different behaviors to see if changes in behavior coincide with manipulation of the independent variable?
A) multiple-baseline design
B) changing-criterion design
C) interaction design
D) multiple-conditions design

Accepted Answer

The multiple-baseline design is a type of single-subject research design that introduces an independent variable at different times for different behaviors to see if changes in behavior coincide with manipulation of the independent variable. This design is often used when it is not possible to reverse the effects of the independent variable, and it allows researchers to demonstrate a functional relationship between the independent variable and the behavior. Changing-criterion design involves gradually changing the criterion for a behavior, and is not relevant to this question. Interaction design and multiple-conditions design are not commonly used terms in single-subject research design.

Question 3

When is the changing-criterion design an appropriate design to use? When
A) the behavior change is reversible
B) the behavior change is irreversible
C) the behavior is difficult to measure
D) it is impossible to obtain stable baseline behavior

Accepted Answer

The answer of When is the changing-criterion design an appropriate...

Question 4

The problem with an ABA design is that
A) You may want to leave the participant in their new state, rather than return them to the old one
B) The effect of the treatment may be reversible
C) People don't want to continue in the study after the initial treatment
D) It is unethical

Accepted Answer

The ABA design involves an initial baseline period (A), an intervention or treatment period (B), and then a return to the baseline condition (A). The problem with this design is that if the intervention is beneficial, it may be unethical or undesirable to withdraw it and return the participant to their original state, as indicated in choice A.

Question 5

I obtained a baseline level of John's cooking behavior of 25% of the meals without praise.I then highly praised his cooking behavior,and it increased to 85% of the meals.Later,I stopped praising his cooking,and his behavior began to drop back to its baseline level.What sort of design was I using?
A) Multiple Baseline
B) ABA
C) Alternating-treatments
D) Reversal Replication

Accepted Answer

The design used in this scenario is the ABA design. A represents the baseline level of the behavior, B represents the highly praised intervention, and A represents the return to baseline when the intervention is removed. This design allows for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the intervention by comparing the behavior during the intervention to the behavior without the intervention.

Question 6

Which one of the following strategies is not a basic control strategy in single-subject research?
A) withdrawing the treatment
B) repeating treatments
C) using multiple baselines
D) changing more than one variable at a time

Accepted Answer

Changing more than one variable at a time is not a basic control strategy in single-subject research. Changing more than one variable at a time would make it difficult to determine which variable is responsible for any changes in behavior. The other options - withdrawing the treatment, repeating treatments, and using multiple baselines - are all basic control strategies in single-subject research.

Question 7

A behavioral therapist is trying to decrease an autistic child's disruptive behavior.He first observes the baseline level of the behavior,then observes the behavior again after his intervention.Since his therapy seems to be effective,he continues to treat the child in the same way.This type of design is called a(n):
A) A-B Design
B) A-B-A-B Design
C) A-B-C Design
D) Cross sectional Design

Accepted Answer

The A-B Design involves two phases: A (baseline) and B (intervention). The therapist observes the baseline behavior, implements an intervention, and then observes the behavior again to assess the effect of the intervention.

Question 8

A researcher conducts a study to gradually bring about the desired behavior change for a subject.At each session,the researcher introduces a more stringent set of guidelines to see if behavior changes coincide with the new reinforcement.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?
A) changing-criterion design
B) multiple-baseline design
C) interaction design
D) A-B-A-B design

Accepted Answer

The changing-criterion design involves gradually increasing or decreasing the reinforcement criteria to observe if behavior changes coincide with the new reinforcement. This design is appropriate for studying the effects of gradually increasing reinforcement criteria on behavior change. The other designs do not involve progressively increasing reinforcement criteria.

Question 9

A researcher conducts a study to bring about permanent changes in three different behaviors in a single subject.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?
A) A-B-A-B design
B) interaction design
C) multiple-baseline design
D) changing-criterion design

Accepted Answer

The multiple-baseline design would be the most appropriate for this study as it allows the researcher to bring about permanent changes in three different behaviors by introducing the intervention at different times across the baselines. This allows the researcher to see if the intervention is responsible for the changes in behavior, rather than any external factors. The other designs listed do not allow for the manipulation of three behaviors in a single subject.

Question 10

Skipper does the laundry 25% of the time and washes dishes about 50% of the time.Barbie decides to start praising Skipper for doing the laundry.After that,Skipper begins to do the laundry about 75% of the time.Since that was successful,Barbie decides to try praising Skipper's dish washing,too.Soon,Skipper is washing the dishes 100% of the time.What experimental design was Barbie using?
A) A-B Design
B) Changing Criterion
C) Multiple Baseline
D) A-B-A-B Design

Accepted Answer

Barbie was using the Multiple Baseline experimental design as she first praised Skipper's laundry skills, observed the change in behavior, then praised her dish washing skills and observed another change in behavior. This design allows for the experimenter to observe the effect of the intervention on the behavior by introducing it at different times for different behaviors while keeping other variables constant.

Question 11

A single-subject research design that manipulates treatments one at a time to determine their effect is the:
A) multiple-baseline design
B) changing criterion design
C) alternating treatments design
D) A-B-A-B design

Accepted Answer

The alternating treatments design involves switching between treatments to compare their effects on the individual. This design is useful when multiple treatments are being evaluated, and it allows for direct comparisons between treatments in a randomized order. The other options listed are also single-subject research designs, but they are not necessarily focused on manipulating treatments one at a time. For example, the multiple-baseline design involves manipulating multiple behaviors or situations at the same time, while the changing criterion design involves gradually changing the criteria for success in a behavior. The A-B-A-B design involves removing and reintroducing a treatment to measure its effect.

Question 12

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A design?
A) repeating the treatments
B) measuring the behavior before, during, and after treatment
C) withdrawing the treatments
D) obtaining a stable baseline

Accepted Answer

Repeating the treatments is not a part of the A-B-A design. The A-B-A design involves measuring behavior before (A), during (B), and after (A) the treatment, but it does not inherently involve repeating the treatments multiple times.

Question 13

A researcher assesses the effects of two different kinds of punishment on a reversible behavior.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?
A) A-B-A-B design
B) Alternating treatments design
C) Multiple-baseline design
D) Changing-criterion design

Accepted Answer

The alternating treatments design would be most appropriate for this study as it allows for a direct comparison between the two types of punishment. In this design, the researcher would randomly assign participants to receive one type of punishment during one phase and the other type of punishment during a separate phase. The order of the phases would be alternated across participants to control for potential order effects. This design allows for a clear comparison of the effects of the two types of punishment on the behavior.

Question 14

Multiple-baseline designs may be conducted across all of the following variables EXCEPT
A) Behaviors
B) Individuals
C) Settings
D) Antecedents

Accepted Answer

Multiple-baseline designs can be conducted across behaviors, individuals, and settings, but they cannot be conducted across antecedents.

Question 15

Jamal was continually late to work.In an effort to reduce this behavior,his supervisor told him that for each minute he was late to work,it would be deducted from his break time.During the week,the supervisor noticed that Jamal was no longer coming late to work.In an attempt to see if it was indeed his intervention that was the cause of Jamal's behavior change,the supervisor told him that the following Monday,there would no longer be a penalty for coming late to work.Jamal's behavior of lateness returned.Convinced,the supervisor reinstated the consequence.Jamal again began arriving to work on time.What design does this procedure describe?
A) Teaching Design
B) Changing Conditions Design
C) ABAB
D) AB

Accepted Answer

The procedure described is the ABAB design, also known as a reversal design or withdrawal design. This involves alternating between a baseline phase (A) and an intervention phase (B), and then removing the intervention to see if the behavior returns to baseline, before reintroducing the intervention again to see if the behavior changes again. In this case, the baseline phase was Jamal's habitual lateness, the intervention phase was the penalty for lateness, the reversal phase was removing the penalty, and the final phase was reintroducing the penalty. This design is commonly used in behavioral research to establish a causal relationship between interventions and behavior change.

Question 16

Madge took special classes from Barbie to improve her spelling.Barbie first tested Madge's current spelling ability.Barbie was not sure what teaching method would work best,so she tried 3 different ones: positive practice,positive reinforcement,and correction.She tried a different method during each class,testing Madge's spelling at the end of the day.What design was Barbie using?
A) Alternating Treatment
B) Changing Criterion
C) Multiple Baseline
D) Interaction Design

Accepted Answer

Barbie was using the alternating treatment design, which involves alternating between different treatments or interventions to determine which is most effective. In this case, the different treatments were positive practice, positive reinforcement, and correction, and Barbie tested Madge's spelling ability at the end of each day to see which method was most effective.

Question 17

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A-B design?
A) repeating the treatments
B) withdrawing the treatments
C) obtaining a stable baseline
D) using multiple baselines

Accepted Answer

Using multiple baselines is not a part of the A-B-A-B design strategy. The A-B-A-B design involves alternating the treatment with no treatment phases to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. Repeating the treatments and withdrawing the treatments are both part of this design, and obtaining a stable baseline is necessary before implementing the treatment phase. However, using multiple baselines is a different control strategy that involves establishing baselines for multiple behaviors, participants, or settings before implementing the treatment, which differs from the A-B-A-B design.

Question 18

Marla conducts a study to gradually teach a poodle to jump through a flaming hoop.At each session,Marla introduces a more stringent set of guidelines before reinforcing the poodle.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?
A) changing-criterion design
B) A-B-A-B design
C) multiple-baseline design
D) interaction design

Accepted Answer

The changing-criterion design involves gradually increasing the criteria for reinforcement in order to shape behavior towards a target behavior. This design would be most appropriate for Marla's study as she is introducing a more stringent set of guidelines at each session to reinforce the poodle's jumping behavior. The A-B-A-B design involves removing and reintroducing the intervention, which would not be appropriate for this study. The multiple-baseline design involves measuring the target behavior across multiple settings or individuals, which also would not be appropriate for this study. The interaction design usually involves studying the effect of multiple independent variables on a dependent variable, which is not applicable in this scenario.

Question 19

____ research often employs single-participant designs
A) Personality
B) Psychophysical
C) Neuropsychological
D) Medical

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____ research often employs single-participant designs
A) Personality
B)...

Question 20

Which of the following areas of psychology is most likely to employ single-subject research?
A) social
B) personality
C) biopsychology
D) sensation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following areas of psychology...

Quiz 13: Single-Subject Experiments

A researcher plans to use the reversibility of the desired target behavior as evidence of a treatment effect.She does not want the subject to leave the experiment showing the original,undesirable behavior.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

What is the name of the single-subject research design that introduces an independent variable at different times for different behaviors to see if changes in behavior coincide with manipulation of the independent variable?

When is the changing-criterion design an appropriate design to use? When

The problem with an ABA design is that

I obtained a baseline level of John's cooking behavior of 25% of the meals without praise.I then highly praised his cooking behavior,and it increased to 85% of the meals.Later,I stopped praising his cooking,and his behavior began to drop back to its baseline level.What sort of design was I using?

Which one of the following strategies is not a basic control strategy in single-subject research?

A researcher conducts a study to bring about permanent changes in three different behaviors in a single subject.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

A single-subject research design that manipulates treatments one at a time to determine their effect is the:

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A design?

A researcher assesses the effects of two different kinds of punishment on a reversible behavior.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Multiple-baseline designs may be conducted across all of the following variables EXCEPT

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A-B design?

Marla conducts a study to gradually teach a poodle to jump through a flaming hoop.At each session,Marla introduces a more stringent set of guidelines before reinforcing the poodle.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

____ research often employs single-participant designs

Which of the following areas of psychology is most likely to employ single-subject research?