Question 1

_____ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.
A)Centration
B)Myelination
C)Tropism
D)Neurogenesis

Accepted Answer

Myelination is the process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which helps in the transmission of nerve impulses. Centration refers to a cognitive process in which a child focuses on only one aspect of a situation, while disregarding other relevant factors. Tropism refers to the growth or movement of an organism in response to a stimulus. Neurogenesis refers to the production of new neurons in the brain.

Question 2

When comparing the heights and weights of preschool children around the world,it can be observed that there are:
A)congenital differences.
B)ethnic differences among them.
C)no visible differences.
D)cases of hyperthyroidism.

Accepted Answer

Ethnic differences can play a significant role in the heights and weights of preschool children. Factors such as genetics, diet, and lifestyle can vary among different ethnic groups, resulting in differences in physical growth. Congenital differences and hyperthyroidism are possibilities, but they are not applicable in all cases and cannot be generalized as a common factor. There may also be some individual variations, but overall, ethnic differences are a prominent factor in the physical development of preschool children around the world. There is no evidence to suggest that there are no visible differences.

Question 3

Sandra has been informed by a pediatrician about the weight gained by her four-year-old son,Manuel,over the last one year.She learns that Manuel has gained six pounds.Sandra should:
A)be alarmed because this is too much weight gain.
B)be concerned because this is too little weight gain.
C)be positive and change Manuel's diet.
D)be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.

Accepted Answer

A weight gain of six pounds over a year is generally considered normal for a four-year-old child, as children at this age typically gain about 4-6 pounds per year.

Question 4

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?
A)Nationality and culture
B)Education and exercise
C)Prenatal care and emotional challenges
D)Ethnic origin and nutrition

Accepted Answer

Ethnic origin and nutrition are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world. Different ethnic groups have different average heights, and nutrition plays a crucial role in childhood growth and development.

Question 5

The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n):
A)nutrition program for young children.
B)educational program for young children.
C)program for training kindergarten and elementary school teachers.
D)parenting education program.

Accepted Answer

The Reggio Emilia approach is an educational program for young children, developed in Italy after World War II. The approach is child-centered and emphasizes the importance of the environment, creativity, and collaboration in learning.

Question 6

By the end of early childhood,girls have more _____ tissue than boys.
A)fatty
B)muscle
C)epithelial
D)nervous

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that by the end of early childhood, girls have more fatty tissue than boys. This is due to differences in hormones and body composition. Boys tend to have higher amounts of muscle tissue, while girls have a higher amount of adipose tissue.

Question 7

_____ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 15.
A)Centration
B)Myelination
C)Tropism
D)Neurogenesis

Accepted Answer

Myelination involves the formation of a fatty layer called myelin around nerve fibers, which results in an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. This process occurs during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 15. Centration refers to the tendency of young children to focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other relevant aspects, while tropism refers to the growth and movement of organisms in response to external stimuli. Neurogenesis refers to the production of new neurons in the brain.

Question 8

During early childhood,girls are _____ than boys.
A)much lighter
B)more muscular
C)slightly smaller
D)considerably taller

Accepted Answer

Studies show that on average, girls are slightly smaller than boys during early childhood.

Question 9

The absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow is called:
A)pituitarian deficiency.
B)growth hormone deficiency.
C)perceptual development deficiency.
D)glandular deficiency.

Accepted Answer

The absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow is known as growth hormone deficiency. Choices A, C, and D are not relevant to this condition.

Question 10

Who among the following five-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest?
A)Timothy-White boy,urban,middle-socioeconomic-status,and later-born
B)Tina-White girl,urban,middle-socioeconomic-status,and firstborn
C)Tyrone-African American boy,urban,middle-socioeconomic-status,and firstborn
D)Tucker-African American boy,rural,lower-socioeconomic-status,and later-born

Accepted Answer

African American boys tend to be taller on average compared to their White counterparts, and being firstborn can also contribute to greater height.

Question 11

Three-year-old Ashley is putting together a jigsaw puzzle.As is typical of her age,she:
A)places the pieces awkwardly.
B)is focused and excels in the task.
C)cannot identify the correct sections.
D)is precise in joining the bits.

Accepted Answer

Three-year-olds typically have difficulty with fine motor skills and spatial awareness, so it is common for them to place puzzle pieces awkwardly.

Question 12

Scientists have found that there _____ the brains of children between the ages of 3 and 15.
A)are dramatic changes in local patterns within
B)are phenomenal increases in the overall size of
C)are insignificant anatomical changes in
D)are hardly any internal metamorphisms within

Accepted Answer

The word "dramatic" suggests that there are major changes in the brains of children between the ages of 3 and 15, which would support choice A. Choices B, C, and D are not supported by the given information in the sentence.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is not true?
A)Researchers have found that contextual factors like poverty and parenting quality are linked to the development of the brain.
B)A study found that higher levels of maternal sensitivity in early childhood were associated with higher total brain volume.
C)Growing up in poverty has no influence on brain development.
D)The brain does not show dramatic growth in overall size from the 3 to 15 year age range.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Research has consistently shown that growing up in poverty can have negative impacts on brain development.

Question 14

Debra is a very active child.She loves to tumble and show off.She is always trying what her parents consider hair-raising stunts.She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents.This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of:
A)one-year-olds.
B)two-year-olds.
C)three-year-olds.
D)five-year-olds.

Accepted Answer

Five-year-olds typically have high energy levels, enjoy physical activities, and often have a strong sense of confidence in their abilities, including running and performing stunts.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is TRUE?
A)The development that occurs inside the brain ends at the onset of adolescence.
B)By the time a child is three years of age,the brain is 25 percent of its adult size.
C)By age six,the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.
D)The brain of a five-year-old is 60 percent the size of an adult brain.

Accepted Answer

By age six, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size. While some development continues throughout adolescence, the majority of brain development in terms of size and structure occurs in the early childhood years, particularly before age six. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question 16

Researchers have found that in children from three to six years of age,the most rapid growth takes place in the_____ lobe areas of the brain.
A)temporal
B)parietal
C)frontal
D)occipital

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the most significant growth in brain regions occurs in the frontal lobes of the brain during the early childhood stage of development (ages 3 to 6). The frontal lobes are vital for cognitive and executive functions, such as planning, attention, decision-making, working memory, and social interaction. This period of rapid growth in the frontal lobes of the developing brain is critical for children's future cognitive and socio-emotional development.

Question 17

Fred and Wayne are four-year-olds.When they are together,they often wrestle,run,race,push,and shove each other.Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents,these activities will:
A)help the boys develop their gross motor skills.
B)stop when their brains become better myelinated.
C)be temporary as they will not be friends for long.
D)help the boys overcome narcolepsy.

Accepted Answer

Fred and Wayne's activities of wrestling, running, racing, pushing, and shoving each other will help them develop their gross motor skills. This is because these activities require the use of large muscle groups and help the boys gain strength, balance, and coordination.

Question 18

Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _____ is to _____.
A)jumping; writing
B)running; swimming
C)laughing; shouting
D)hopping; walking

Accepted Answer

Gross motor skills involve larger movements of the body, such as jumping and running, while fine motor skills involve smaller movements, such as writing. Choice A correctly contrasts jumping, a gross motor skill, with writing, a fine motor skill. Choices B, C, and D do not provide an appropriate contrast between gross and fine motor skills.

Question 19

Toby is three years old.His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around.He cannot seem to sit still.Even when watching his favorite movie on TV,he fidgets and wiggles.It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner.Which of the following should Toby's parents do?
A)They should have him tested for attention deficit disorder.
B)They should start him on a behavior modification program.
C)They should provide structured,cognitively challenging activities for Toby to develop his attention span.
D)They should treat this behavior as normal and avoid being panicked,as Toby's behavior is normal for kids in his age group.

Accepted Answer

Toby's behavior is developmentally appropriate for his age group. It is normal for young children to have difficulty sitting still and focusing on tasks for extended periods of time. Toby's parents should avoid panicking and accept that his behavior is typical for his age. They can continue to provide him with age-appropriate activities and gradually introduce structured activities to help develop his attention span, but they should not jump to the conclusion that he has a disorder or start behavior modification programs at this stage.

Question 20

When four- and five-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends,they demonstrate their:
A)cognitive skills.
B)fine harboring skills.
C)gross motor skills.
D)reflective skills.

Accepted Answer

Gross motor skills refer to the ability to use large muscles to perform physical activities such as running, jumping, and climbing. Scrambling over jungle gyms and racing friends require the use of gross motor skills. Cognitive skills refer to the ability to think, learn, and problem-solve, fine motor skills refer to the ability to use small muscles for tasks such as writing or buttoning clothes, and reflective skills refer to the ability to reflect on one's own thoughts and experiences.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

_____ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.

When comparing the heights and weights of preschool children around the world,it can be observed that there are:

Sandra has been informed by a pediatrician about the weight gained by her four-year-old son,Manuel,over the last one year.She learns that Manuel has gained six pounds.Sandra should:

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?

The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n) :

By the end of early childhood,girls have more _____ tissue than boys.

_____ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 15.

During early childhood,girls are _____ than boys.

The absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow is called:

Who among the following five-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest?

Three-year-old Ashley is putting together a jigsaw puzzle.As is typical of her age,she:

Scientists have found that there _____ the brains of children between the ages of 3 and 15.

Which of the following statements is not true?

Debra is a very active child.She loves to tumble and show off.She is always trying what her parents consider hair-raising stunts.She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents.This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of:

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is TRUE?

Researchers have found that in children from three to six years of age,the most rapid growth takes place in the_____ lobe areas of the brain.

Fred and Wayne are four-year-olds.When they are together,they often wrestle,run,race,push,and shove each other.Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents,these activities will:

Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _ is to _.

When four- and five-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends,they demonstrate their: