Question 1

Sometimes knowing about complex procedures can cause more stress.Patients vary in how much they want to know about their illness and the specifics of their treatments.This is called:

Accepted Answer

The concept described is that of "informational involvement," which refers to the degree to which a patient wants to be informed and involved in the details of their illness and treatment. Option A (self-efficacy) relates to a patient's belief in their ability to manage their illness, Option C (behavioral involvement) refers to the degree to which a patient engages in health-promoting behaviors, and Option D (patient-practitioner coherence) relates to effective communication and understanding between the patient and healthcare provider.

Question 2

A patient's attitude to health care and the extent to which they want to be a part of their treatment is referred to as the level of:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral involvement refers to the patient's willingness to be a part of their own treatment, including following medical advice and actively engaging in decision-making regarding their health. Self-control and self-efficacy may also be related to a patient's attitude towards healthcare, but they do not capture the extent to which the patient wants to be involved in their treatment. Patient-practitioner coherence is not a recognized term in healthcare.

Question 3

In studies of recovery from surgery (e.g.coronary-bypass),results suggest that a high level of _____ was found to be predictive of a wide variety of positive health outcomes right after surgery although differences abate in the long run.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral involvement refers to the active participation and engagement of patients in their own recovery process, which has been shown to lead to positive health outcomes immediately after surgery.

Question 4

Ray is someone who thinks he is always right.Because he has a confirmation bias,and only looks for evidence supporting his beliefs,he walks around thinking that he has been correct more times than he actually has.This is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Ray's tendency to only look for evidence supporting his beliefs is known as illusory correlation, where he believes that there is a relationship between two things when there actually isn't.

Question 5

Age is a factor in identifying who will seek professional healthcare.One example is:

Accepted Answer

Younger mothers are statistically less likely to seek professional healthcare at the time of birth, often due to factors such as lack of awareness, financial constraints, or fear of stigma, especially in cases of teenage pregnancies.

Question 6

Very often we do not realize or recognize the true causes of our symptoms.If you have been very stressed,and start putting on weight because of it,you may first instead blame a new diet.The underlying psychological process is known as:

Accepted Answer

Misattribution is the act of attributing a symptom to the wrong cause or source. In this case, the individual is misattributing the cause of their weight gain to a new diet when it is actually a result of stress.

Question 7

Our human tendency to want to assign a cause to an event or to the experience of symptoms is known as:

Accepted Answer

The tendency to assign a cause to an event or symptoms is known as attributions. This is the process of explaining why something has happened, and it is a fundamental part of our cognitive process. We try to make sense of the world around us by attributing the outcome to a specific cause or factor.

Question 8

People who spend a lot of time in the sun or in tanning booths may know about the dangers of UV rays,but ignore them.Even if they start developing brown spots,a possible symptom of the early stages of skin cancer,they might tell themselves that they are more likely to freckle and will point to how good they feel as further evidence to support that they are not getting skin cancer.They would be using:

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or values. In this scenario, the person with brown spots is ignoring the potential danger of UV rays and convincing themselves that they are not getting skin cancer by pointing to their lack of symptoms and how good they feel. They are actively seeking out and recalling information that confirms their belief that they are not at risk.

Question 9

Evidence suggests that the underutilization of medical resources by Asian Americans is due to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Evidence suggests that the underutilization of medical...

Question 10

Tony monitors his symptoms to an extreme level,makes repeated trips to the doctor for the smallest symptom,and blows symptoms out of proportion.He is likely to be:

Accepted Answer

Tony's behavior fits the definition of hypochondria, which is a condition where a person becomes excessively worried about having a serious illness despite having no or mild symptoms. This behavior is not related to extroversion or agreeableness and does not demonstrate self-efficacy.

Question 11

The varying ways that individuals respond to physiological symptoms,monitor internal states,recognize symptoms,and utilize health care are all considered:

Accepted Answer

Illness behaviors are the ways in which individuals respond to and perceive symptoms of illness. This includes how individuals monitor their internal states and recognize symptoms, as well as how they utilize health care. Health behaviors refer more broadly to actions individuals take to maintain their health, such as exercise and healthy eating. Proactive coping refers to the anticipation and planning for potential stressors, and reactivity measures are methods used to assess physiological responses to stressors.

Question 12

Individuals that identify with this ethnic group are less likely to define short-term physical sensations as illnesses,and were more likely to consult physicians if it were easy to do,and if they felt a particularly high risk of illness:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals that identify with this ethnic group...

Question 13

Some people have a much better understanding of how their bodies function and feel.They often feel greater discomfort due to their extra-sensitively and being high in:

Accepted Answer

Private body consciousness refers to the awareness and sensitivity an individual has towards their own bodily sensations and processes. Those who have a high level of private body consciousness are more attuned to their physical experiences and may feel discomfort more intensely. Hypochondria refers to excessive worry and fear of having a serious illness, which is a different phenomenon. Behavioral involvement and critical self-awareness are also unrelated to this concept.

Question 14

Many sociopsychological processes help explain illness behaviors or their absence.If you do not think you are sick,you are likely to ignore symptoms of the sickness and only look for evidence that you are healthy.This is called:

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to look for and interpret information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or expectations. In the context of illness behaviors, this means that if someone believes they are healthy, they are likely to only pay attention to information that supports their belief and ignore any symptoms or evidence to the contrary.

Question 15

A major cultural difference in the reporting and perception of physical symptoms is that _____ are higher than _____.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that women tend to report physical symptoms more frequently and in more detail than men. They also seek medical attention more often than men. This cultural difference is not necessarily due to biology, but rather to social norms and expectations surrounding gender roles and health.

Question 16

Individuals who identify themselves as _____ do not utilize inpatient mental health services as much as other ethic groups.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that Latinos are less likely to utilize inpatient mental health services compared to other ethnic groups due to various factors such as lack of access to culturally competent care, stigma, language barriers, and fear of deportation.

Question 17

Hmong Americans consider epilepsy to be:

Accepted Answer

In Hmong culture, epilepsy is often viewed as a special condition that may signify the individual has the potential to become a shaman. This perspective is rooted in traditional beliefs about the spiritual origins of the disease, differing significantly from the biomedical view prevalent in Western medicine.

Question 18

Snell (1967)found that African Americans who believed they have been "hexed" could be treated effectively by a psychiatrist using hypnosis,even when the psychiatrist did not believe in hexing.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Snell's findings suggest that the belief in being "hexed" can create a self-fulfilling prophecy, whereby the individual's physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms are influenced by their beliefs. The use of hypnosis by a psychiatrist to treat these symptoms regardless of the psychiatrist's personal beliefs suggests that the treatment was effective because it helped to change the individual's beliefs and, therefore, their behavior. This is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy in which the individual's belief in being hexed led to symptoms that were treated by changing their belief.

Question 19

Which two personality traits tend to report more symptoms of illness than others?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that individuals high in anxiety and neuroticism tend to report more symptoms of illness than others.

Question 20

Perhaps the most common individual factor that influences the recognition of symptoms and the seeking of treatment is:

Accepted Answer

Personality is the most common individual factor that influences the recognition of symptoms and the seeking of treatment. People with high levels of neuroticism and low levels of extraversion are more likely to recognize symptoms and seek treatment. Additionally, people who are more risk-averse and conscientious may also be more likely to seek treatment. Age, religion/denomination, and ethnicity may all be factors that influence healthcare seeking behavior, but they are not as commonly cited as personality traits.

Quiz 8: Factors Surrounding Illness