Question 1

To many contemporaries the new forms of art and literature influenced by Freudian theories were symptoms of serious social malaise.Describe some of the movements in the arts and letters during the inter-war period, and explain how they could be so disturbing to the average person.

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Question 2

How did the Depression contribute to Germany's willingness to accept Hitler and to the democracies' inability to stop him?

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Question 3

The Spanish Civil War was seen as part of the European battle between

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The Spanish Civil War was fought between the fascist right, led by General Francisco Franco, and the Marxist left, who were loyal to the democratic government. This conflict was part of the larger European struggle between fascism and communism, which was evident in the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and Stalin in the Soviet Union.

Question 4

Dictatorships and authoritarian systems of rule have existed nearly as long as civilized society itself.What was new and unusual about the twentieth-century form known as totalitarianism? How did Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany place similar demands on their citizens? How did their ideologies differ?

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Question 5

What social transformation was Stalin trying to bring about in the Soviet Union in the 1930s? Why do you think he felt obliged to carry out the great purges of the late 1930s?

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Question 6

How did new forms of art (poster art, photography, movies, etc.) aid in the creation of totalitarian regimes?

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Question 7

When do you think the image of Lenin found in this chapter was painted? How did it idealize Lenin?

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Question 8

Compare and contrast the experiences of women in the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

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Question 9

Define individual freedom according to fascist, liberal, Christian, socialist, and communist ideologies.

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Question 10

Review the feature entitled "Two Accounts of Revolution in Russia" in this chapter.Which account seems more accurate and less fictional? Why? How could the differences in perspective and participation account for these differences?

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Question 11

How do the stylistic techniques of Picasso's Guernica seen in this chapter reflect the effects of total war?

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Question 12

Explain why Einstein's theory of relativity and Werner Heisenberg's "uncertainty principle" would undermine middle-class values, and encourage Cubist and Expressionist painting.

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Question 13

Consider the photos regarding fascism found in this chapter.Why was fascism appealing to many people? Compare the photos of Italian fascism to the photo of Nazis in Germany also seen in the chapter.

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Question 14

Most of the democratic governments that fell in the 1920s and 1930s had been created shortly after World War I.On the other hand, those democracies that survived, particularly Britain, France, and the United States, had existed in one form or another for at least a century.What can be drawn from this regarding the nature and viability of democratic institutions and processes? Speculate on how these factors may affect the new democracies established in Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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Question 15

Discuss the relationship between Hitler's rise to power and Germany's situation as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.How was Hitler able to benefit from the treaty?

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Question 16

Discuss the similarities and differences between totalitarianism and dictatorship.

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Question 17

Was Stalin a genuine revolutionary or a pragmatist? Consider domestic and foreign policy in your answer.

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Question 18

During the Spanish Civil War, Franco and his insurgent military officers received support from

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Franco and his insurgent military officers received support from Italy, Portugal, and Germany. Germany and Italy provided military equipment and supplies, as well as troops and air support, while Portugal offered a base for Franco's aircraft. This support was crucial in helping Franco emerge victorious in the Spanish Civil War.

Question 19

Although John Maynard Keynes advocated capitalism, what fundamental aspects of liberal economic theory did he reject?

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Question 20

How does the painting by Otto Dix found in this chapter convey a sense of decadence?

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Quiz 27: The Great Twentieth-Century Crisis