Question 1

In terms of error in research investigations,the key is
A)total error.
B)sampling error.
C)nonresponse error.
D)systematic error.
E)observation error.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In terms of error in research investigations,the...

Question 2

Which of the following statements concerning response incentives is FALSE?
A)Monetary incentives often have the greatest influence on response rates.
B)It probably isn't advisable to give more than $1 for completing a survey.
C)Large amounts of money are more effective than smaller amounts of money at increasing response rates.
D)A "gift" can be more psychologically motivating than "wages."
E)All of the above are true.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements concerning response...

Question 3

If we define our population as all households in the city of Chicago,Illinois,and we use the Chicago telephone directory from which to draw our sample units,we would likely have a
A)representative survey.
B)survey containing error.
C)survey with a poorly defined master list.
D)survey with sample frame error.
E)survey with no error.

Accepted Answer

The use of the Chicago telephone directory as the sample frame may lead to sample frame error because not all households may have a listed phone number, or some phone numbers may be no longer in service. Therefore, the sample may not be representative of the entire population, which can result in bias and error in survey results.

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE?
A)Short surveys are more likely to be completed than are long surveys.
B)Hand-addressed envelopes may increase response rates.
C)Respondents are more likely to open an envelope that has been stamped rather than one that has been sent through a postage meter.
D)Both a and b.
E)a,b,and c.

Accepted Answer

Short surveys, hand-addressed envelopes, and stamped envelopes are all factors that can increase survey response rates, making all options true.

Question 5

Errors introduced into the study during data processing are
A)Type I errors.
B)nonobservation errors.
C)sampling errors.
D)total errors.
E)office errors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Errors introduced into the study during data...

Question 6

Blame for response errors can lay with the researcher,respondent or both.

Accepted Answer

Response errors can occur due to various reasons such as unclear questions, biased wording, respondent's lack of understanding, willingness or motivation to answer, and researcher's failure to structure the survey effectively. Therefore, the blame for response errors can lay with the researcher, respondent, or both as it depends on the root cause of the error.

Question 7

Non coverage error arises because of a failure to include some part of the defined population in the sampling frame.

Accepted Answer

Non coverage error occurs when a specific population is not included in the sampling frame, leading to biased results as the sample does not accurately represent the population of interest.

Question 8

Which of the following method(s)can be used to determine if nonresponse error is likely to be a problem in a particular study?
A)Contact a sample of nonrespondents.
B)Compare respondent demographics against known demographics of population.
C)Conduct an analysis of late respondents vs.early respondents.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed can be used to determine if nonresponse error is likely to be a problem in a particular study. By contacting a sample of nonrespondents, researchers can gain insight into why they did not respond and identify any patterns among them. Comparing respondent demographics against known demographics of the population can help researchers determine if their sample is representative or if certain groups are underrepresented in the sample. Analyzing late respondents versus early respondents can provide insight into whether there are any differences in the characteristics or attitudes of those who responded at different times. Using all of these methods together can provide a more comprehensive understanding of nonresponse error in a study.

Question 9

Which technique relies on the psychological principle that people are more likely to respond positively to a request from another person if they have previously responded positively to another,typically smaller,request?
A)Even-a-penny-will-help
B)Ingratiation
C)Door-in-the-face
D)Personalization
E)Foot-in-the-door

Accepted Answer

Foot-in-the-door technique relies on the psychological principle that people are more likely to comply with a larger request if they have already complied with a smaller request. It involves making a small request first, and when the person agrees, making a larger and related request. This technique aims at increasing compliance by establishing a pattern of agreement, leading the person to perceive themselves as helpful and cooperative, and more likely to agree to subsequent requests.

Question 10

In a mail survey,500 questionnaires were sent out but only 200 were returned.
A)This survey has random sampling error.
B)This survey has a response bias.
C)This survey has nonresponse error.
D)This survey suffers from deliberate falsification.
E)None of the above.

Accepted Answer

Nonresponse error occurs when individuals chosen for the sample do not respond to the survey or questionnaire. In this case, only 200 of the 500 questionnaires were returned, indicating nonresponse error. Random sampling error refers to errors due to chance in selecting a sample, response bias refers to errors in responses provided by respondents, and deliberate falsification refers to respondents intentionally providing false information. None of these errors are evident based on the information given.

Question 11

Commercial research firms typically validate ____ of completed interviews.
A)100%
B)80 to 100%
C)60 to 70%
D)10 to 20%
E)20 to 30%

Accepted Answer

Commercial research firms typically validate 10 to 20% of completed interviews to ensure data quality and accuracy without incurring excessive costs.

Question 12

Lower response rates generally suggest fewer problems with non response bias.

Accepted Answer

Lower response rates are often associated with higher non response bias, as those who do not respond often differ from those who do respond in important ways (such as being less interested or having different characteristics).

Question 13

The lower the response rate,the
A)more likely it is that response error will affect research results.
B)less likely it is that response error will affect research results.
C)more likely it is that noncoverage error will affect research results.
D)less likely it is that nonresponse error will affect research results.
E)more likely it is that nonresponse error will affect research results.

Accepted Answer

A lower response rate means that there are more nonrespondents, which increases the likelihood of nonresponse error. Nonresponse error is a type of survey error that occurs when the opinions or characteristics of nonrespondents differ from those of respondents. Therefore, the lower the response rate, the more likely it is that nonresponse error will affect research results.

Question 14

Which of the following leads to response bias?
A)Errors in asking questions
B)Errors in recording answers
C)Errors in probing when additional information is required
D)Errors due to cheating
E)All of the above.

Accepted Answer

All of the mentioned factors can lead to response bias. Errors in asking questions can affect how respondents interpret and understand the question, leading to inaccurate responses. Errors in recording answers can also result in incorrect data being collected. Errors in probing can influence how much additional information respondents provide. And finally, cheating can skew the results by providing false answers.

Question 15

The two types of nonresponse errors are refusals and item omission.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two types of nonresponse errors are...

Question 16

Which of the following are office errors?
A)Not-at-homes
B)Refusals
C)Interviewer cheating
D)Coding
E)Response errors

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following are office errors?
A)Not-at-homes
B)Refusals
C)Interviewer...

Question 17

Which of the following methods used to reduce nonresponse error is best for reducing the number of not-at-homes,busy signals,and no answers in a telephone survey?
A)Advance notification
B)Monetary incentives
C)Callback
D)Contact them in person
E)None of the above.

Accepted Answer

The method of callback is the best choice for reducing the number of not-at-homes, busy signals, and no answers in a telephone survey. This method involves calling back the nonrespondents at a later time, which gives them another opportunity to participate in the survey. It also allows for the possibility that the respondent may be available at a different time than they were initially contacted. Advance notification may help with reducing refusals, but it may not necessarily reduce nonresponse due to not being available. Monetary incentives and contacting them in person are not feasible options for a telephone survey.

Question 18

Interviewers can make errors in asking any type of question;however,it is a particular problem with which of the following?
A)Multiple-choice questions
B)Dichotomous questions
C)Scale type of questions
D)Open-ended questions
E)Structured questions

Accepted Answer

Open-ended questions are more prone to interviewer errors because they require the interviewer to listen actively and capture a response that may not be structured. Interviewers may misinterpret or fail to empathize with the respondent's answer, leading to data inaccuracies.

Question 19

Much nonsampling error occurs during "data collection" process in the field.These "data collection" errors may be divided into
A)Data error in;data error out.
B)Noncoverage error and nonrespondent error.
C)Intentional error and office error.
D)Response error and office error.
E)None of the above.

Accepted Answer

Noncoverage error occurs when a segment of the population is not included in the sampling frame, while nonrespondent error occurs when selected participants do not provide responses. These errors are commonly associated with data collection in the field. Choice A is not a known classification of data collection errors. Choice C is incorrect because intentional error is not a recognized type of error in survey research, and office error is less likely to occur during data collection in the field. Choice D is incorrect because response error is a type of error that occurs when the respondent provides incorrect information, which is more likely to occur during data processing than during data collection in the field. Choice E is not an appropriate response because B is an acceptable option.

Question 20

Which of the following is FALSE?
A)The empirical evidence suggests that an interviewer's own opinions on a subject affect the responses he or she receives and that in particular,these responses are likely to be opposite his or her opinions.
B)Interviewers must quickly convince potential respondents of the value of the research and the importance of their participation.
C)In general,evidence indicates that the more characteristics the interviewer and the respondent have in common,the greater the probability of a successful interview.
D)Both the interviewer and interviewee bring certain background characteristics to the interview that can affect the interview process.
E)Both the interviewer and interviewee bring psychological predispositions to the interview that can affect the interview process.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is FALSE?
A)The empirical...

Quiz 17: Collecting the Data: Nonsampling Errors and Response Rate Calculation

In terms of error in research investigations,the key is

Which of the following statements concerning response incentives is FALSE?

If we define our population as all households in the city of Chicago,Illinois,and we use the Chicago telephone directory from which to draw our sample units,we would likely have a

Which of the following is TRUE?

Errors introduced into the study during data processing are

Blame for response errors can lay with the researcher,respondent or both.

Non coverage error arises because of a failure to include some part of the defined population in the sampling frame.

Which of the following method(s) can be used to determine if nonresponse error is likely to be a problem in a particular study?

Which technique relies on the psychological principle that people are more likely to respond positively to a request from another person if they have previously responded positively to another,typically smaller,request?

In a mail survey,500 questionnaires were sent out but only 200 were returned.

Commercial research firms typically validate ____ of completed interviews.

Lower response rates generally suggest fewer problems with non response bias.

The lower the response rate,the

Which of the following leads to response bias?

The two types of nonresponse errors are refusals and item omission.

Which of the following are office errors?

Which of the following methods used to reduce nonresponse error is best for reducing the number of not-at-homes,busy signals,and no answers in a telephone survey?

Interviewers can make errors in asking any type of question;however,it is a particular problem with which of the following?

Much nonsampling error occurs during "data collection" process in the field.These "data collection" errors may be divided into

Which of the following is FALSE?