Question 1

Out-group members may be more likely to focus on _____ justice than in-group members.

Accepted Answer

Out-group members often focus on distributive justice because they are more concerned with the fairness of outcomes and resource allocation, as they may feel disadvantaged compared to in-group members.

Question 2

From a distributive justice perspective,LMX is _____ based.

Accepted Answer

Distributive justice is concerned with the fair distribution of resources and rewards among individuals. Equity is a key principle of distributive justice and refers to providing individuals with rewards that are proportional to their contributions or inputs. LMX (Leader-member exchange) is a theory of leadership that emphasizes the importance of the relationship between a leader and their followers. The theory suggests that leaders create different levels of exchange relationships with their followers, which can result in differential treatment and rewards for those within the leaders' in-group. From a distributive justice perspective, it is important for the distribution of rewards to be based on equity to ensure fairness among all members of the organization.

Question 3

According to O'Reilly and Chatman,at the weakest level,each party to the leader and follower relationship is connected simply because the costs that they incur are offset by the benefits that are received.This weakest level of relationship is depicted by:

Accepted Answer

The weakest level of relationship between the leader and follower is compliance, where the follower only complies with the leader's requests because it is in their best interest to do so. This level of relationship lacks any genuine loyalty or commitment from the follower towards the leader. Identification, internalization, and psychological ownership are higher levels of relationship where the follower is more fully invested in the leader and the organization.

Question 4

According to O'Reilly and Chatman,when a relationship is based on a(n) ____,there is a pride in affiliation and one's personal identity is expressed and enhanced as a result of the relationship that the leader has with his/her followers,and that the follower has with the leader.

Accepted Answer

According to O'Reilly and Chatman, when a relationship is based on identification, there is a sense of pride in affiliation and personal identity is expressed and enhanced as a result of the relationship between leader and follower.

Question 5

In 1989,Meindl noted that the most frequently used alternative to equity is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In 1989,Meindl noted that the most frequently...

Question 6

Kurt T.Dirks defines _____ as "an expectation or belief that the team can rely on the leader's actions or words and that the leader has good intentions toward the team."

Accepted Answer

Kurt T. Dirks defines trust as an expectation or belief that the team can rely on the leader's actions or words and that the leader has good intentions toward the team. Power refers to the ability to influence others, status refers to one's position in a social hierarchy, and fairness refers to the equitable distribution of resources or opportunities.

Question 7

This form of commitment reflects a relationship that is based on "need." The costs associated with leaving the relationship are too great,and as a consequence,the individual maintains his/her relationship with the target in question.

Accepted Answer

This form of commitment is known as "continuance commitment," which refers to an individual's commitment to a relationship based on the perceived costs of leaving the relationship rather than any emotional connection or obligation.

Question 8

_____ has recently been defined as the unique relationship-based social exchange between leaders and members.

Accepted Answer

Leader-member exchange (LMX) has recently been defined as the unique relationship-based social exchange between leaders and members. LMX focuses on the quality of the relationship between the leader and each individual member, rather than viewing members as a homogenous group. A high-quality LMX relationship is characterized by mutual trust, respect, and support, which leads to increased job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and performance.

Question 9

On which factor should work group differentiation into in-groups and out-groups be based?

Accepted Answer

Work group differentiation into in-groups and out-groups should be based on performance, as it reflects individual contributions to the success of the group. Power, race, and gender are not appropriate factors for group differentiation as they do not necessarily reflect individual performance.

Question 10

According to O'Reilly and Chatman,in the case of _____,the relationship between the leader and follower is highly integrative and possessive in nature.The leader views the follower as "my follower" and the follower views the leader as "my leader".

Accepted Answer

Psychological ownership refers to the feeling of possession and attachment towards something or someone. In the given scenario, both the leader and follower possess a sense of ownership towards each other, which makes their relationship highly integrative and possessive. Therefore, option A is the most appropriate choice. Compliance, normative ownership, and internalization do not align with the given scenario.

Question 11

According to Cropanzano and Folger,_____ justice is defined as the individual's perception that the outcomes that they receive are fair.

Accepted Answer

Cropanzano and Folger distinguish between three types of justice: distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Distributive justice is concerned with the fairness of outcomes, while procedural justice is concerned with the fairness of the processes used to determine those outcomes. Interactional justice is concerned with the fairness of the interpersonal treatment that people receive in the course of carrying out their work. In this context, Cropanzano and Folger argue that the perception of fairness with respect to outcomes is the key element in distributive justice. Therefore, the answer is B.

Question 12

_____ justice suggests that as long as a leader is perceived as fair by all work unit members,then a fair exchange of inputs to rewards might be maintained for all members of the work unit.

Accepted Answer

Procedural justice refers to the fairness of the process or procedures followed for making decisions or allocating rewards. In the given scenario, if a leader is perceived as fair by all work unit members, it indicates that the process of allocating rewards is fair and the leader is following fair procedures. Therefore, procedural justice would be maintained.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about procedural justice?

Accepted Answer

Option D is true because research has shown that leaders who are perceived as procedurally fair are still rated favorably by subordinates even when there is unequal allocation of resources. Option A is false because both distributive and procedural justice need to be followed for a decision to be accepted by subordinates. Option B is also false because procedural justice is not about outcomes but the process leading up to those outcomes. Option C is incorrect because distributive, organizational, and interactional justice are distinct from each other and are not considered aspects of procedural justice.

Question 14

Suppose a member is asked to perform a task that he/she feels is beyond the formal job description.The likely responses to the request are listed below.Which of the following can be considered a procedural justice response?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose a member is asked to perform...

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of procedural justice?

Accepted Answer

Procedural justice is concerned with the fairness of the process used to make decisions or take actions. Therefore, the degree of voice a person has in decision making is a clear example of procedural justice. Options A, B, and C relate more to distributive justice, which is concerned with the fairness of the outcomes or distributions resulting from such decisions or actions.

Question 16

With reference to the LMX theory,which of the following statements is true about in-group and out-group members?

Accepted Answer

According to LMX theory, in-group members receive more attention, support, and benefits from the leader as they are perceived to be more competent, trustworthy, and loyal. Meanwhile, out-group members are given less attention and support and are perceived to be less competent, less trustworthy, and less loyal. Therefore, answer choice C is the best choice because it correctly describes the difference between in-group and out-group members. The other answer choices are incorrect because out-group members are not expected to receive more work-related benefits than in-group members (A), exercise more control (B), or file more grievances (D).

Question 17

_____ commitment represents an attachment that stems from wanting to be in the relationship because it produces positive emotion.

Accepted Answer

Affective commitment represents an emotional attachment and desire to be in a relationship. It is based on positive feelings and the belief that the relationship is important and valuable. Normative commitment is based on a sense of obligation or duty to stay in the relationship, while continuance commitment is based on the perceived costs of leaving the relationship. Defective commitment refers to a lack of attachment or investment in the relationship.

Question 18

According to O'Reilly and Chatman,an extremely strong psychological tie can be depicted by _____ and psychological ownership.

Accepted Answer

Internalization refers to the process where individuals adopt the values and norms of an organization as their own, leading to a strong psychological tie and sense of ownership.

Question 19

_____ commitment reflects a relationship that exists because one perceives that he/she "ought" to maintain the relationship; this connection exists because it is the right thing to do.

Accepted Answer

Normative commitment is based on one's sense of obligation to maintain a relationship because it aligns with their personal values or beliefs. It is not based on emotional attachment (Affective commitment) or the costs associated with ending the relationship (Continuance commitment). Defective commitment is not a recognized type of commitment in the field of psychology.

Question 20

_____ justice involves the manner in which organizational justice is communicated by supervisors to followers.

Accepted Answer

Interactional justice refers to the degree to which supervisors communicate with their followers in a respectful and unbiased manner. It encompasses how information is presented and how decisions are explained, and can be a crucial component of creating a fair organizational climate. Distributive justice pertains to the allocation of resources or rewards, while procedural justice relates to the fairness and transparency of procedures for decision-making. Negotiable justice is not a widely recognized term in the field of organizational justice.

Quiz 2: The Leader-Follower Relationship