Question 1

Regarding a mismatch of either the Rh antigen or the AB antigen,both
A)result in destruction of red blood cells by the foreign antigen.
B)utilize complement to destroy red blood cells.
C)utilize antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to destroy the red blood cells.
D)result in destruction of only leukocytes.
E)utilize either complement or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to destroy red blood cells.

Accepted Answer

Both a mismatch of the Rh antigen and the AB antigen can result in the production of antibodies that recognize and bind to the foreign antigen on red blood cells. This can lead to the activation of complement or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, both of which can result in the destruction of the red blood cell. Therefore, the best choice is E, which states that either complement or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can be utilized to destroy red blood cells in cases of a mismatch of either the Rh antigen or the AB antigen.

Question 2

Antibodies that have arisen in the blood plasma without any obvious or deliberate stimulus are called
A)natural.
B)acquired.
C)injurious.
D)active.

Accepted Answer

Antibodies that have arisen in the blood plasma without any obvious or deliberate stimulus are called natural antibodies. They are produced by B-1 cells and do not require any prior exposure to an antigen to be generated. On the other hand, acquired antibodies are produced in response to exposure to foreign substances or antigens. Injurious antibodies and active antibodies are not valid terms in the context of antibody production.

Question 3

Urticaria is characterized by
A)living in Utica.
B)wheal and flare.
C)asthma.
D)inflammation.

Accepted Answer

Urticaria is also known as hives and is characterized by the appearance of wheals (raised, itchy, and red bumps) and flares (surrounding areas of redness) on the skin. It is typically caused by an allergic reaction or other triggers, such as medications or infections. Asthma and inflammation are not characteristic features of urticaria, and living in Utica (choice A) is not relevant to the condition.

Question 4

The hypersensitivity treatment that stimulates an increase of IgG and regulatory T cells as well as a decrease in IgE is known as
A)desensitization.
B)immunity.
C)sensitization.
D)exposure.
E)anaphylaxis.

Accepted Answer

Desensitization is a treatment that involves exposing a person to small doses of an allergen over time, with the goal of decreasing or eliminating their hypersensitivity to that allergen. This process typically involves increasing doses of the allergen until a therapeutic dose is achieved, which can stimulate the production of IgG antibodies and regulatory T cells that can help modulate the immune response and reduce symptoms upon allergen exposure. In some cases, desensitization can also lead to a decrease in the production of IgE antibodies, which are typically responsible for triggering allergic reactions.

Question 5

Most cases of generalized anaphylaxis are a result of
A)fire ant stings.
B)aspirin.
C)bananas.
D)peanuts,bee stings,or penicillin injections.

Accepted Answer

Generalized anaphylaxis is most commonly caused by peanuts, bee stings, or penicillin injections. Fire ant stings can also cause anaphylaxis, but they are less common. Aspirin and bananas are not common causes of anaphylaxis.

Question 6

The cell type responsible for type II hypersensitivity is the
A)mast cell.
B)B cell.
C)macrophage.
D)platelet.
E)neutrophils.

Accepted Answer

B cells are responsible for type II hypersensitivity reactions as they can produce antibodies that bind to cell surface antigens, leading to activation of complement and destruction of the target cell. Mast cells are involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions, macrophages are involved in type III hypersensitivity reactions, platelets are involved in blood clotting, and neutrophils are involved in inflammation and fighting bacterial infections.

Question 7

To produce an allergic reaction in Type I hypersensitivity,the antigen
A)must bind to mast cells.
B)must bind to free IgE molecules.
C)must just bind to IgE on mast cells.
D)must bind to two neighboring IgE molecules on mast cells crosslinking them.

Accepted Answer

In Type I hypersensitivity, the antigen must bind to two neighboring IgE molecules on mast cells, crosslinking them and causing degranulation of the mast cell and release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory mediators. Binding to free IgE molecules or just binding to IgE on mast cells alone without crosslinking will not produce an allergic reaction.

Question 8

Recombinant human monoclonal antibody (rhuMAb)
A)appears promising as a treatment for asthma.
B)decreases the levels of IgG.
C)uses an engineered form of an IgG molecule.
D)promotes crosslinking between IgE molecules on the mast cells.
E)appears promising as a treatment for asthma AND uses an engineered form of an IgG molecule.

Accepted Answer

Recombinant human monoclonal antibodies are engineered forms of IgG molecules and have shown promise in treating asthma by targeting specific pathways involved in the disease.

Question 9

IgE molecules involved in hypersensitivity reactions have become attached to
A)neutrophils.
B)mast cells.
C)B cells.
D)macrophages.
E)mast cells AND B cells.

Accepted Answer

IgE molecules become attached to mast cells, leading to the release of histamine and other mediators that result in symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 10

The natural antibodies in serum that react with A or B polysaccharide antigens are mostly of the class
A)IgG.
B)IgE.
C)IgM.
D)IgD.
E)IgA.

Accepted Answer

The natural antibodies in serum that react with A or B polysaccharide antigens are mostly of the class IgM. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection or antigen and it is typically found circulating in the blood in a pentamer form. These natural antibodies are produced without prior exposure to the A or B antigens and act as a first line of defense against pathogens that express these antigens.

Question 11

Hemolytic disease of the newborn
A)may not manifest itself fully until after birth.
B)is due to the action of IgM.
C)is due to the action of IgE.
D)is a type I hypersensitivity reaction.
E)may not manifest itself fully until after birth AND is due to the action of IgE.

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may not manifest itself fully until after birth, as it is caused by the mother's antibodies crossing the placenta and attacking the baby's red blood cells. This can lead to anemia and other complications, but the severity may not be apparent until after birth. 
Option B is incorrect as IgM is not typically involved in hemolytic disease of the newborn. Option C is also incorrect as IgE is not involved in this condition. Option D is incorrect as hemolytic disease of the newborn is a type II hypersensitivity reaction, not type I. Option E is partially correct, but A is the more complete answer.

Question 12

The type of hypersensitivity expressed with the lysing of red blood cells is
A)type I.
B)type II.
C)type III.
D)type IV.
E)type V.

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic anemia, a condition where red blood cells are destroyed, is caused by antibodies targeting red blood cell antigens, which is a classic example of type II hypersensitivity.

Question 13

The initial work on anaphylaxis was done by
A)Watson and Crick.
B)Pasteur.
C)Fleming.
D)Richet and Portier.

Accepted Answer

Richet and Portier were the first to describe anaphylaxis in 1902 after observing dogs experiencing a second shock after the initial injection of sea anemone venom.

Question 14

The immunoglobulin associated with Type I hypersensitivity is
A)IgG.
B)IgA.
C)IgM.
D)IgE.
E)IgD.

Accepted Answer

IgE is the immunoglobulin associated with Type I hypersensitivity. IgE is produced in response to allergens, and it binds to the surface of mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

Question 15

Desensitization
A)stimulates an increase in IgG.
B)reduces the number of mast cells.
C)increases the number of basophil cells.
D)is a treatment for hypersensitivity reactions.
E)stimulates an increase in IgG AND is a treatment for hypersensitivity reactions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Desensitization
A)stimulates an increase in IgG.
B)reduces the number...

Question 16

Generalized anaphylaxis is generally characterized by
A)wheal and flare.
B)inflammation.
C)shock.
D)rash.

Accepted Answer

Generalized anaphylaxis is characterized by a severe allergic reaction that can lead to shock. While wheal and flare, inflammation, and rash can be present in anaphylaxis, they are not defining characteristics.

Question 17

If the immune system responds inadequately to antigenic stimulation,this is termed
A)hypersensitivity.
B)autoimmunity.
C)cell-mediated immunity.
D)immunodeficiency.

Accepted Answer

Immunodeficiency refers to a weakened or inadequate immune response, which can be caused by a variety of factors including genetic defects, certain medications, or infections like HIV.

Question 18

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies
A)are considered natural antibodies.
B)are present at birth.
C)are typically IgM.
D)easily cross the placenta.
E)are considered natural antibodies AND are typically IgM.

Accepted Answer

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are considered natural antibodies because they are produced without prior exposure to the antigens. They are typically of the IgM class, which does not easily cross the placenta, contrasting with IgG antibodies. These antibodies are not present at birth but develop in the first years of life.

Question 19

A transfusion reaction primarily involves
A)leukocytes.
B)phagocytes.
C)platelets.
D)erythrocytes.

Accepted Answer

A transfusion reaction involves the recipient’s immune system reacting to foreign antigens present on the donated erythrocytes (red blood cells). This can lead to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), causing symptoms such as fever, chills, and hypotension.

Question 20

During a Type I hypersensitivity reaction,the mast cells
A)become phagocytic.
B)release IgE antibodies.
C)degranulate.
D)immediately release histamine.
E)degranulate AND immediately release histamine.

Accepted Answer

During a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, mast cells degranulate and immediately release histamine, which contributes to the allergic response.

Quiz 17: Immunologic Disorders

Regarding a mismatch of either the Rh antigen or the AB antigen,both

Antibodies that have arisen in the blood plasma without any obvious or deliberate stimulus are called

Urticaria is characterized by

The hypersensitivity treatment that stimulates an increase of IgG and regulatory T cells as well as a decrease in IgE is known as

Most cases of generalized anaphylaxis are a result of

The cell type responsible for type II hypersensitivity is the

To produce an allergic reaction in Type I hypersensitivity,the antigen

Recombinant human monoclonal antibody (rhuMAb)

IgE molecules involved in hypersensitivity reactions have become attached to

The natural antibodies in serum that react with A or B polysaccharide antigens are mostly of the class

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

The type of hypersensitivity expressed with the lysing of red blood cells is

The initial work on anaphylaxis was done by

The immunoglobulin associated with Type I hypersensitivity is

Desensitization

Generalized anaphylaxis is generally characterized by

If the immune system responds inadequately to antigenic stimulation,this is termed

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

A transfusion reaction primarily involves

During a Type I hypersensitivity reaction,the mast cells