Quiz 3: The Chemistry of Global Climate Change
Chemistry
Q 1Q 1
Scientists believe they know the average global temperature over the last 160,000 years.Which property of the ice core samples from Antarctica provides this information?
A)the thickness
B)the carbon dioxide concentration
C)the 1H/2H ratio
D)the temperature
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C Explanation: Think about which of these would be a component of rain and snow.
Q 2Q 2
Determine the shape or geometry of PH3.(Hint: Use the Periodic Table to arrive at the electron configuration for phosphorous. )
A)tetrahedral
B)trigonal pyramidal
C)bent
D)trigonal planar
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B Explanation: Remember that the central atom has three atoms and no lone pairs around it.
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C Explanation: Remember that nitrogen gas does not vibrate in the presence of IR radiation.
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Q 5Q 5
Neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because
A)N2 and O2 react with one another,producing N2O2 when exposed to infrared radiation.
B)their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate.
C)infrared radiation causes their bonds to break.
D)their atmospheric concentrations are not changed by human activity.
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Multiple Choice
Q 6Q 6
Calculate the mass of 2.50 × 104 molecules of nitrogen gas.
A)5.81 × 10¯19 g
B)1.16 × 10¯18 g
C)7.00 × 105 g
D)5.38 × 1026 g
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Q 8Q 8
What international agreement attempted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
A)Kyoto Protocol
B)Montreal Protocol
C)Oslo Accords
D)Nuremburg Treaty
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Q 9Q 9
The greenhouse and enhanced greenhouse effects refer to the return of approximately ___ percent and greater than ___ percent of the heat radiated by Earth.
A)40;40
B)50;50
C)60;60
D)80;80
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Q 10Q 10
Although carbon dioxide is the primary compound discussed with respect to global warming;of the common atmospheric components the global warming potential (GWP)of a carbon dioxide molecule is very low.Which statement best explains this pair of facts?
A)CO2 molecules are highly symmetrical.
B)CO2 has a low molar mass.
C)CO2 exists in relatively high concentrations.
D)CO2 is formed in the combustion of fossil fuels.
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Q 11Q 11
Determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO),also known as Prozac.
A)279.3 g/mol
B)281.3 g/mol
C)295.3 g/mol
D)297.1 g/mol
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Q 12Q 12
How many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd)atoms?
A)1.61 × 1024
B)6.02 × 1023
C)2.26 × 1023
D)2.12 × 1021
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Q 13Q 13
This is the Lewis structure for acetic acid.The bond angles are not drawn to scale.
Based on the electronic configuration shown in the Lewis structure,predict the O CO bond angle,in degrees.
A)90°
B)109.5°
C)120°
D)180°
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Q 14Q 14
Predict the geometry of nitrous oxide,N2O (atomic order NO).
A)linear
B)bent
C)trigonal pyramidal
D)trigonal planar
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Q 15Q 15
Scientists have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica.How is the carbon dioxide level determined?
A)by measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped gases in the ice layers
B)by measuring the 18O/16O ratio in the CO2 molecules
C)by extrapolating the CO2 level from the temperature of the ice
D)by extrapolating the CO2 level from the average global temperature
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Q 16Q 16
Which practices might be described as carbon sequestration?
I)Planting trees
II)Deforestation
III)Pumping carbon dioxide deep into the ocean
IV)Increasing combustion of fossil fuels
A)I and II only
B)II and III only
C)III and IV only
D)I and III only
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Q 17Q 17
Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect?
A)Energy from the sun is reflected back into the atmosphere.
B)Energy from the sun is absorbed by the earth.
C)Energy from the sun is absorbed by the atmosphere.
D)Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere.
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Q 18Q 18
Which explanation accounts for the fact that,on average,cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights?
A)Clouds reflect light incoming from the moon.
B)H2O does not absorb infrared energy.
C)Clouds are composed of water vapor and H2O is a strong greenhouse gas.
D)Clouds have a high concentration of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion.
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Q 19Q 19
The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which
A)atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen absorb heat radiated by Earth.
B)atmospheric nitrogen absorbs ultraviolet radiation radiated by Earth
C)atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth.
D)greenhouse gases absorb ultraviolet radiation from the Sun,warming the molecules.
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Q 20Q 20
The O-to-O-to-O bond angle in an ozone (O3)molecule is not exactly 120° because
A)ozone molecules are linear so the bond angle is 180°.
B)ozone molecules are tetrahedral so the bond angle is approximately 109°.
C)the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs.
D)the electrons in the double bond occupy more space that the nonbonding electron pair.
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Q 21Q 21
In order to make useful predictions,which factors must be accounted for by climatic models?
I)Cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols
II)Smoke,haze,and cloud cover
III)Change in land use
IV)Combustion of fossil fuels
A)IV only
B)II and III only
C)III and IV only
D)I,II,III,and IV
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Q 22Q 22
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)issued a report in 2007 that attached probabilities to the predictions and statements made.Which prediction/statement was considered "Very Unlikely"?
A)Human-caused emissions are the main factor causing warming since 1950.
B)Arctic sea ice thickness declined about 40% during late summer to early autumn in recent decades
C)The observed warming over the past 100 years is due solely to climatic variability.
D)In most of the areas in the Northern Hemisphere,precipitation has increased
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Q 23Q 23
What is the coefficient for oxygen in the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of heptane (C7H16)? Unbalanced equation: C7H16 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
A)11
B)8
C)7
D)1
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Q 24Q 24
Octane (C8H18)is one of the principal components of gasoline.How many moles of CO2 are produced during the combustion of 3.0 mol of octane?
Unbalanced equation: C8H18 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
A)3.0
B)8.0
C)24
D)26
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Q 25Q 25
The top graph shows the mean temperature over the past 160,000 years as determined from ice-core data.Which of graphs A through D best represents the carbon dioxide concentration in air over the same time period as measured from air bubbles trapped in the ice cores?
A)Graph A
B)Graph B
C)Graph C
D)Graph D
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Q 26Q 26
Ethanol (C2H6O)is a common intoxicant and fuel produced from the fermentation of various grains.How many moles of ethanol are represented by 50.0 kg of ethanol?
A)1.09 × 103 mol
B)46.1 mol
C)9.00 mol
D)1.09 mol
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Q 27Q 27
LP gas (liquid propane,C3H8)is the fuel used in gas grills as well as a main source of heat energy for many rural residences.What is the mass of 5.83 × 1017 molecules of liquid propane?
A)2.57 × 1019 g
B)6.41 × 1018 g
C)4.27 × 10¯5 g
D)6.89 × 10¯7 g
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Q 28Q 28
Hydrogen gas (H2)is a promising alternative to fossil fuels.How many molecules are present in 1.0 kg of hydrogen gas?
A)3.0 × 1023
B)6.0 × 1023
C)3.0 × 1026
D)6.0 × 1026
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Q 29Q 29
What is the effect of infrared energy on matter?
A)It excites bonding electrons.
B)It increases molecular rotation.
C)It breaks chemical bonds.
D)It increases the vibration of chemical bonds.
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Q 30Q 30
Which vibrational mode for carbon dioxide is not expected to contribute to the greenhouse effect?
A)
B)
C)
D)
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Q 31Q 31
Which country has the highest per capita emission of carbon dioxide?
A)United States
B)Germany
C)Canada
D)Saudi Arabia
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Q 32Q 32
The history of average global temperature for the last 160,000 years is derived from isotopic analysis of ice layers in Antarctica.Scientists study the ______ ratio in ______.
A)14C/12C;CH4
B)1H/2H;H2O
C)12C/14C;CO2
D)16O/18O;O2
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Q 33Q 33
Which conclusion was considered "very likely" in the 2007 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?
A)Human-caused emissions are the main factor causing warming since 1950.
B)The observed warming of the past 100 years is due solely to climate variability.
C)The Arctic Sea ice thickness decreased approximately 40% during late summer/early fall.
D)Summer droughts have increaseD.
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Q 34Q 34
Which occurrences or processes are expected to reduce the level of atmospheric carbon?
I)Decaying plant and animal remains
II)The growth of trees
III)Formation of carbonate rock in the ocean
IV)Animal respiration
A)I and II only
B)II and III only
C)III and IV only
D)I and IV only
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Q 35Q 35
These data show the movement of carbon through its various forms on earth.Which value is known with the smallest percent error?
A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
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Q 36Q 36
The carbon cycle refers to the
A)mechanism by which carbon dioxide causes global warming.
B)frequency of light energy that affects the rotational energy of carbon dioxide.
C)oxidation of glucose to form carbon dioxide and water.
D)movement of carbon through living organisms,the atmosphere,the sea,and the earth.
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Q 37Q 37
Argon,which comprises almost 1% of the atmosphere,is approximately 27 times more abundant than CO2,but does not contribute to global warming.Which explanation accounts for this fact?
A)Single atoms do not vibrate.
B)Argon's vibrational energy is not excited by infrared radiation.
C)Argon atoms are concentrated too high in the troposphere to interact with the earth's radiant energy.
D)Argon is not an anthropogenic pollutant.
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Q 38Q 38
What evidence indicates that the rising atmospheric CO2 levels are caused by the combustion of fossil fuels?
A)Both the average global temperature and the atmospheric CO2 level have risen.
B)The level of atmospheric moisture has increased.
C)The 18O/16O ratio in atmospheric CO2 is the same as in atmospheric oxygen.
D)The 14C/12C ratio in atmospheric CO2 is unusually low.
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Q 39Q 39
Although coal is a complex mixture of substances,its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96O9NS.Using this chemical formula,calculate the percentage,by mass,of carbon (C)in coal.
A)85%
B)67%
C)56%
D)20%
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Q 40Q 40
Although coal is a complex mixture of substances,its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96O9NS.Using this formula,predict the amount of CO2 released from the combustion of 1.00 × 106 metric tons of coal (about the annual average for a coal-fired power plant).1 metric ton = 1 × 103 kg
A)3.66 × 109 kg
B)3.11 × 109 kg
C)8.50 × 108 kg
D)3.11 × 105 kg
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Q 41Q 41
Both the Clinton and
A)The target emission levels are not sufficiently low to affect the greenhouse effect.
B)The treaty does not include a provision for trading emission allowances.
C)Developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions.
D)Enforcement of the treaty will be impossible.
G)W.Bush administrations were unwilling to sign the Kyoto Protocol.What was their primary objection to the treaty?
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Q 42Q 42
Which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming?
I)Possible consequences include altered climate and increased sea level.
II)Heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules.
III)Increased skin cancer incidence and damage to radiation sensitive species has been observed.
IV)The concentration of stratospheric ozone is declining.
A)I and II only
B)I and III only
C)II and IV only
D)III and IV only
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Q 43Q 43
Identify possible consequences of global warming.
I)A rise in sea level
II)An increase in average relative humidity
III)An increase in forest growth in the Northern Hemisphere
IV)A weakening of ocean currents
A)I and III only
B)I and IV only
C)I,II,and IV only
D)I,II,III,and IV
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Q 44Q 44
What is the mass of exactly 500 sulfur atoms?
A)1.61 × 104 g
B)32.1 g
C)2.66 × 10¯20 g
D)5.33 × 10¯23 g
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Q 45Q 45
Although greenhouse gases likely account for the problem of global warming,they are also responsible for making earth habitable.What would be the temperature on earth in the absence of the effects of carbon dioxide and water?
A)450°C
B)15°C
C)-18°C
D)-270°C
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Q 47Q 47
Identify the single most effective strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
A)Use methane rather than gasoline for fuel in cars and trucks.
B)Develop alternate energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels.
C)Use wood as a home heating fuel.
D)Convert all vehicles to diesel fuel.
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Q 48Q 48
Calculate the percentage,by mass,of fluorine in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6),a potent greenhouse gas.
A)22.0%
B)59.2%
C)78.0%
D)82.1%
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Q 49Q 49
Tropospheric ozone (O3)is a greenhouse gas.Why is O3 not assigned a Global Warming Potential (GWP)?
A)Ozone molecules absorb only low energy infrared frequencies.
B)Ozone molecules have a low molecular weight.
C)Tropospheric ozone concentrations are not changed by human activity.
D)Ozone has a relatively short lifetime in the troposphere and its distribution is not uniform around the worlD.
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Q 50Q 50
CO2 emissions in China declined by 9% over the five-year period ending in 2000.If 5.00 × 108 metric tons (t)of CO2 was emitted in 1995,how much CO2 was released in 2000?
A)4.55 × 109 t
B)4.55 × 108 t
C)4.50 × 108 t
D)4.55 × 107 t
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Q 51Q 51
The ability of a molecule to absorb infrared radiation is measured with IR spectrometers,which report the frequency of light absorbed in units of cm¯1.Which explanation best describes this unit?
A)the distance traveled by light of a specific frequency in 1 second
B)the number of wavelengths in 1 cm for a specific frequency of light
C)the wavelength of a specific frequency of light
D)the speed of a specific frequency of light
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Q 52Q 52
The majority of N2O molecules in the atmosphere come from
A)bacterial removal of nitrate ions (NO3¯)from soil.
B)burning of fossil fuels.
C)decaying vegetable matter.
D)landfills.
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Q 53Q 53
Where is most of the carbon on earth stored?
A)in the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks
B)in the forests and soil
C)in surface water
D)in the atmosphere
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Q 54Q 54
What factors are considered in determining the global warming potential for a particular molecule?
I)Relative contribution of a molecule of gas to global warming
II)Lifetime in the atmosphere
III)Atmospheric concentration
A)I only
B)I and II only
C)I and III only
D)II and III only
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Q 55Q 55
Methane is approximately 23 times more powerful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas.Which are significant sources of methane emissions?
I)The digestive systems of ruminants (cows,sheep,etc. )
II)Automobile exhaust
III)Rice cultivation
IV)Decaying wetland vegetation
A)I only
B)I and II only
C)II only
D)I,III,and IV only
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Q 56Q 56
If the average temperature of earth is currently 15.0°C,what does the NOAA model (the line in the graph)predict for the average global temperature in 2080?
A)2.4°C
B)12.6°C
C)15.0°C
D)17.4°C
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Q 57Q 57
Which substances are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol?
I)argon
II)carbon dioxide
III)nitrogen
IV)nitrous oxide
V)sulfur hexafluoride
A)I,II,and III only
B)I and III only
C)II,IV,and V only
D)II and V only
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Q 58Q 58
Land use changes have a big impact on global warming because of their effect on albedo.Albedo
A)is the primary wave number at which a greenhouse gas absorbs infrared radiation.
B)describes the effectiveness of a molecule as a greenhouse gas.
C)is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface.
D)describes the tendency of an atmospheric molecule to react with other atmospheric molecules,reducing their global atmospheric lifetimes.
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Q 59Q 59
Forcings are
A)geological changes that promote volcanic eruptions.
B)mechanisms for sequestering CO2 endorsed by signers of the Kyoto Protocol.
C)factors that affect the annual global mean surface temperature.
D)changes in geographical distribution of plant,animal,and insect species brought on by climate change.
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Q 60Q 60
The Industrial Revolution is a key point in the Earth's atmospheric history because
A)prior to that time large deposits of petroleum and coal were not being used as energy sources.
B)the first atmospheric studies were conducted at that time.
C)spectrometers that could measure molecular response to infrared radiation were developed at that time.
D)the first aircraft that could be used to collect atmospheric samples were developed at that time.
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Q 61Q 61
The internationally accepted atomic mass standard is carbon-12 because this isotope
A)was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard.
B)is the smallest isotope that could be accurately weighed.
C)is the only isotope with equal numbers of protons,neutrons,and electrons.
D)is the only isotope of carbon that exists.
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Q 62Q 62
What is the yearly change in the carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth's atmosphere?
A)+1.5 ppm
B)+6.5 ppm
C)-1.5 ppm
D)0 ppm
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Q 63Q 63
Calculate the mass of 25,000 molecules of nitrogen gas.(1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules)
A)5.81 × 10-19 g
B)1.16 × 10-18 g
C)7.00 × 105 g
D)5.38 × 1026 g
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Q 64Q 64
Earth's atmosphere transmits the majority of which forms of electromagnetic radiation?
I)Infrared
II)Visible
III)Short wavelength UV (UV-C)
IV)Long wavelength UV (UV-A)
A)I and II only
B)I and III only
C)II and IV only
D)III and IV only
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Q 65Q 65
In order to make useful predictions,which factors must be accounted for by climatic models?
I)Aerosol Emissions
II)Land Use
III)Solar Irradiance
A)II only
B)II and III only
C)I and III only
D)I,II,and III only
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Q 66Q 66
Calculate the mass of CO2 produced by the combustion of a tank of gasoline.Assume the mass of gasoline is 46.0 kg and that gasoline is pure octane (C8H18);
A)142 kg
B)17.8 kg
C)32.3 kg
D)46.0 kg
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Q 67Q 67
In their fourth and most recent report published in 2007,the vast majority of scientists agreed on several key points.Which of the following is NOT one of those points?
A)If the rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not curtailed,our water resources,food supply,and even our health will suffer.
B)Human activities (primarily the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation)are responsible for much of the recent warming.
C)The Earth is getting warmer.
D)All of the above were mentioned as key points.
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Q 69Q 69
Which of the following are ways that aerosols may affect climate?
A)Scattering incoming radiation
B)Nucleation of clouds
C)Absorbing incoming radiation
D)All of the above
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Q 70Q 70
In order to halt increases in the amounts of these gases in the Earth's atmosphere,global greenhouse gas emissions must be decreased by 9 billion tons.Which of these would NOT provide that much relief in global greenhouse gas emissions?
A)Cutting energy usage in the world's buildings by 20-25% below business-as-usual.
B)Having all cars get 60 mpg instead of 30 mpg
C)Replacing 700 large coal-burning power plants with nuclear,wind,or solar power
D)Capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide at 800 coal-burning power plants
E)None of the above would provide the needed 9 billion tons.
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Q 71Q 71
Calculate the mass percent of chlorine in CCl 3 F (Freon-11).
A)77.5%
B)25.8%
C)51.6%
D)13.8%
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Q 72Q 72
Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere?
A)Sea ice disappearance
B)Sea-level rise
C)Changes in ocean chemistry
D)Increase in biodiversity
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Q 73Q 73
What,approximately,is the highest concentration of CO2 measured in the Earth's atmosphere in modern times?
A)4000 ppm
B)400 ppm
C)40 ppm
D)4.0 ppm
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