Question 1

How did Cyrus manage to expand the Persian holdings so dramatically during his lifetime?

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Question 2

Describe the status of the free classes and slaves during the Persian empires.How was each connected to the economy and what contributions did each make to the larger society?

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Question 3

Examine Cyrus's tomb at Pasargadae on page 138 and of the ruins of Persepolis on page 139.Discuss the significance of Alexander of Macedon paying homage to the tomb of Cyrus but also,either intentionally or not,burning down Persepolis.

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Question 4

What was the role of the imperial bureaucrats in Persian society? How did they fit in with the other social classes?

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Question 5

What can the passage from Zarathustra (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Zarathustra on Good and Evil)tell us about the influence of Zoroastrianism on later religions? In what ways did Zoroastrianism influence Judaism,Christianity,and Islam?

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Question 6

Look at the picture of the gold clasp with the symbol of Ahura Mazda on page 148.Based on Zarathustra's religious views,why would Ahura Mazda be portrayed as a winged god?

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Question 7

Describe the administrative structure of the Achaemenid empire.

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Question 8

Examine Map 7.1,The Achaemenid and Seleucid empires,558-330 B.C.E.Compare the size of the Achaemenid empire to the size of earlier states,as well as to that of the later Seleucids,Parthians,and Sasanids.What would be the difficulties of ruling a state this large? How cosmopolitan was the Achaemenid empire? Explain the significance of the Royal Road.B.C.E.and 323-83

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Question 9

Discuss the passage from Zarathustra (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Zarathustra on Good and Evil).Examine the nature of Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu.In Zoroastrian thought,what is the relationship between human beings and the gods? Does this critical role of human beings indicate that Zoroastrianism was really a dualistic belief?

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Question 10

Look at Map 7.2 The Parthian and Sasanid empires,247 B.C.E.-651 C.E.Compare these empires to the earlier Achaemenid state.How did the Achaemenids influence the Parthian and Sasanid empires? What were the main contributions of the Achaemenids to history?

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Question 11

In what ways did Alexander of Macedon both destroy and preserve elements of the Achaemenid empire?

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Question 12

Why does the text say that Darius was "more important as an administrator than as a conqueror"?

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Question 13

What agricultural technologies and techniques did the Persians use to produce the large surpluses they needed to feed their huge population of nonfood producers?

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Question 14

In what ways did Darius,and his successors,promote communication and commerce throughout the empire?

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Question 15

Compare Zoroastrianism to any of the other religious concepts you've seen so far.How was Zarathustra's philosophy different,and in what ways was it influential?

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Question 16

Look at the carving of Darius on page 140.How does it reflect the hierarchy of government and the power of the Achaemenid empire under Darius? Is the location of the carving significant?

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Question 17

How did the Parthians come to control the Persian empire?

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Quiz 7: The Empires of Persia