Question 1

Lenin's New Economic Policy allowed the Russian government to take control of all industries and allowed for no privately-owned enterprises.

Accepted Answer

Lenin's New Economic Policy, implemented in 1921, allowed for a limited return of private enterprise and some market-oriented reforms. While the government maintained control of key industries, farmers were allowed to sell their surplus crops on the open market and small businesses were allowed to operate privately.

Question 2

An integral part of Stalin's drive for industrialization was the collectivization of agriculture.

Accepted Answer

Stalin believed that collectivizing agriculture would allow for more effective and efficient production, as well as providing a source of food for the growing industrial workforce. This involved merging small, privately-owned farms into large, state-run collectives, which often involved violence and forced labor.

Question 3

Examine the causes and implications of the Great Depression.Why was the depression so widespread and so devastating? How did different countries respond to the depression? What would be the long-term consequences of the depression?

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Question 4

What were some of the economic problems facing the world powers in the 1920s? Specifically,what factors led to the crash of 1929 and the depression that followed?

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Question 5

What did Gertrude Stein mean when she wrote that "You are all a lost generation"? What had caused this profound split from earlier generations? Can you think of similar dramatic breaks with the past in different countries and different centuries?

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Question 6

John Maynard Keynes's answer to the central problem of the depression was for governments to balance budgets and curtail public spending.

Accepted Answer

Keynes actually believed the opposite, advocating for government spending during times of economic downturn to stimulate demand and create jobs. He believed that this interventionist policy could help lift economies out of depressions.

Question 7

What are some indications of the "postwar pessimism" of the 1920s? Why did liberal values such as progress and democracy fall under attack at this time?

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Question 8

Examine the transformation of the Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin.What were the main ideas and programs of the two leaders? How did they influence Russian history?

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Question 9

Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party attracted members of mainstream society,who were frightened by the specter of socialist revolution.

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Question 10

What are some examples of "economic nationalism"? How effective were these measures?

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Question 11

The Nazi eugenics measures in the 1930s served as a precursor to the wholesale extermination of people classified as racial inferiors.

Accepted Answer

The Nazi eugenics program included forced sterilization of those deemed genetically undesirable, and this program expanded into the mass murder of millions of individuals, mostly Jews, during the Holocaust.

Question 12

What role did innovations in physics and psychology play in the questioning of traditional knowledge and society? Were there criticisms of science?

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Question 13

What caused thinkers such as Oswald Spengler to believe that European society was entering its final stage? Why was progress doubted?

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Question 14

The guiding force behind Italian fascism was Benito Mussolini,who seized power as dictator in 1926 and ruled Italy as Il Duce.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Benito Mussolini was the leader of Italian fascism and became dictator of Italy in 1926, holding the title of Il Duce.

Question 15

Examine the political movement known as fascism.What were its main tenets? Compare fascism to democracy and communism.

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Question 16

Examine the rise to power of Adolf Hitler.What were his main ideas and goals? How did he transform Germany?

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Question 17

Compare and contrast the ideas and regimes of Stalin and Hitler.Despite tremendous differences in political orientation,how similar were the German and Soviet states? In what ways were Stalin and Hitler a product of their times?

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Question 18

Describe the course of nationalization in economic development in the Soviet Union under Lenin.Explain war communism and why it was replaced by the New Economic Policy in 1921.

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Question 19

Discuss Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.How did this scientific theory capture the spirit of an entire age? Can you think of similar scientific discoveries or theories that had a similar effect? How did art reflect the intellectual transformation of the early twentieth century? What did the phrase "to abolish the sovereignty of appearance" mean?

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Question 20

The term fascism derives from the fasces,an ancient Roman symbol of punitive authority consisting of a bundle of wooden rods strapped together around an axe.

Accepted Answer

This is true. The term fascism does indeed derive from the fasces symbol.

Quiz 34: An Age of Anxiety