Question 1

With a(n) _____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable.
A)main effect
B)interaction
C)analysis of variance
D)simple main effect

Accepted Answer

A simple main effect is a way to analyze the results when you have an interaction between independent variables. It allows you to compare the means between the levels of one independent variable at each level of the other independent variable, as if you had separate experiments.

Question 2

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high).
A)2 × 2
B)2 × 3
C)2 × 2 × 3
D)3 × 3
E)2 × 2 × 2

Accepted Answer

A 2x2x3 design allows for manipulation of three independent variables: temperature (warm or cold), difficulty of material (easy, difficult), and amount of material (low, moderate, high). This design would allow for a more comprehensive examination of the effects of temperature on learning and retention of material.

Question 3

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: method of presenting material (visual, auditory); difficulty level (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). For a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants would the researcher need?
A)80
B)120
C)70
D)60

Accepted Answer

The researcher wants to manipulate three independent variables, resulting in 2x2x3 = 12 experimental conditions. With 10 participants per group, the researcher would need a total of 120 participants (10 participants per group x 12 groups). Therefore, the best choice is option B.

Question 4

In a study designed to measure aggressive play of boys versus girls who attend public or private schools, which of the following statements is least correct?
A)There may be a simple main effect of gender.
B)There may be a simple main effect of the type of school.
C)There may be an effect of aggressive play.
D)There may be a Gender × type of school interaction.

Accepted Answer

The least correct statement is C because the study is designed to measure aggressive play as a dependent variable, not as an independent variable or an effect in itself. The focus is on how gender and type of school (independent variables) might influence aggressive play, not on aggressive play causing an effect.

Question 5

In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:
A)three main effects.
B)one main effect and an interaction.
C)two interactions.
D)two main effects and an interaction.

Accepted Answer

In a two-way analysis of variance, there are two factors being tested and thus two main effects (one for each factor) and an interaction between the two factors. Therefore, the best choice is D, which includes the two main effects and the interaction.

Question 6

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:
A)male versus female viewers.
B)viewers of erotic versus non-erotic movies.
C)males versus females when the movie is erotic or non-erotic.
D)movies when the viewer is a male and when the viewer is a female.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Raymond has designed a study to examine...

Question 7

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot); noise level (quiet or loud); and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects.
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)8

Accepted Answer

There are three independent variables in the experiment, each with multiple levels. Therefore, there can be up to three main effects - one for each independent variable.

Question 8

A researcher had young or middle age participants watch a PG-13 or an R-rated film. After viewing the film, the participants rated the amount of violence in the films-the higher the assigned rating, the more violent the film. The mean results in the four conditions were: $\begin{array} { l c c } 
& \text { PG-13 } & \mathrm { R } \
\text { Young } & 3.1 & 3.8 \
\text { Middle Age } & 3.2 & 8.5
\end{array}$ Which of the following statements is least likely to be true?
A)An interaction between age and type of movie exists.
B)A simple main effect of participant age exists when the movie is rated R.
C)An interaction between age and type of movie exist for PG-13 movies but not for R-rated movies.
D)A simple main effect of participant age does not exist when the movie is rated PG-13.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher had young or middle age...

Question 9

A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of design.
A)2 × 2 independent groups
B)2 × 2 repeated measures
C)2 × 2 mixed factorial
D)IV × PV

Accepted Answer

The answer of A marketing company wants to determine which...

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design?
A)It always assigns different groups of participants to each of the conditions.
B)It typically assigns the same individuals to participate in all the conditions.
C)It either uses a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design.
D)It uses both-completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

Accepted Answer

A mixed factorial design combines elements of both between-subjects and within-subjects designs, meaning some factors are varied between different groups of participants, while other factors are varied within the same group of participants across different conditions.

Question 11

A simple main effect analysis examines:
A)the overall effect of one independent variable.
B)mean differences at each level of the independent variable.
C)the overall effect of the interaction.
D)relationships between independent and dependent variables.

Accepted Answer

A simple main effect analysis examines mean differences at each level of the independent variable.

Question 12

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.
A)independent groups
B)repeated measures
C)mixed factorial
D)within-subjects

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a mixed factorial design because it involves both between-subjects variables (participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions) and within-subjects variables (each participant is measured under two different circumstances).

Question 13

A researcher employs an IV × PV design to examine attitudes toward cheating. She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. After reading the account, the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment. The PV in this design would be the:
A)gender of the student accused of cheating.
B)university attended (private or public).
C)class level of the participants (freshmen).
D)punishment assigned.

Accepted Answer

The PV (participant variable) in this design is the university attended (private or public). This is the variable that differentiates the two groups of participants being studied. The IV (independent variable) is the gender of the student accused of cheating, which is the variable being manipulated by the researcher. The DV (dependent variable) is the punishment assigned, which is the variable being measured. The class level of the participants (freshmen) is not a variable being manipulated or measured in this study.

Question 14

An investigator wants to test the effectiveness of visualization on sports performance. She randomly assigns participants to two groups. Participants in the visualization group imagine themselves swinging a golf club perfectly for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. Participants in the control group read Golf magazine for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. All participants do this procedure each day for five days. The dependent measure, the average flight distance of the ball, is calculated for each participant after each session. This is an example of a _____ design.
A)two-group pretest-posttest
B)2 × 5 mixed factorial
C)2 × 5 independent groups factorial
D)IV × PV factorial

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a 2 × 5 mixed factorial design because there are two groups (visualization and control) and five levels of measurement (each day's session), with the same participants measured across time, making it a mixed design.

Question 15

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: temperature (low or high); illumination level (low or high); and time of testing (day or night). For a completely repeated measures design, how many participants would the researcher require in order to have 10 participants per condition?
A)20
B)150
C)10
D)100

Accepted Answer

For a completely repeated measures design, each participant would be exposed to all four conditions (low temperature/low illumination/daytime, high temperature/low illumination/daytime, low temperature/high illumination/daytime, high temperature/high illumination/daytime, low temperature/low illumination/nighttime, high temperature/low illumination/nighttime, low temperature/high illumination/nighttime, and high temperature/high illumination/nighttime). Therefore, the number of participants needed for 10 participants per condition would be (10 participants per condition) x (8 total conditions) = 80 participants.

Question 16

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 × 2 factorial design?
A) There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable A.
B) There are two independent variables, each with two levels in a 2 × 2 factorial design.
C) There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable B.
D) There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.

Accepted Answer

It is not always true that there will be a significant interaction between the two independent variables in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The presence of an interaction depends on whether the effects of one independent variable differ across levels of the other independent variable. In some cases, there may be no interaction, indicating that the effects of one independent variable are the same at both levels of the other independent variable.

Question 17

Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behavior. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the:
A)main effect of appearance.
B)simple main effect of appearance.
C)main effect of gender.
D)simple main effect of gender.

Accepted Answer

Mary has examined the simple main effect of appearance as she is analyzing the difference in judgments for unattractive and attractive defendants separately for males and females.

Question 18

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal, over); age (young, middle, old); and gender (male, female). How many interactions are possible?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)18

Accepted Answer

There are two types of interactions possible in this experiment: two-way interactions and three-way interactions. There are two two-way interactions: weight by age and weight by gender. There is one three-way interaction between weight, age, and gender. Therefore, there are a total of four possible interactions (2 two-way interactions plus 1 three-way interaction).

Question 19

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the:
A)main effect of age.
B)main effect of gender.
C)simple main effect of age.
D)simple main effect of gender.

Accepted Answer

The answer of While analyzing the interaction between age and...

Question 20

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents.
A)3 × 2
B)3 × 2 × 3
C)3 × 2 × 2
D)2 × 2 × 2

Accepted Answer

The experiment involves three independent variables: age with 3 levels (young, middle, old), gender with 2 levels (male, female), and type of job with 2 levels (blue collar, white collar). Thus, it is a 3 (age) × 2 (gender) × 2 (job type) factorial design, making the correct answer 3 × 2 × 2.

Quiz 10: Complex Experimental Designs

With a(n) _____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable.

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold) ; difficulty of material (easy, difficult) ; and the amount of material (low, moderate, high) .

In a study designed to measure aggressive play of boys versus girls who attend public or private schools, which of the following statements is least correct?

In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot) ; noise level (quiet or loud) ; and room color (pink, blue, or black) . Identify the possible number of main effects.

Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design?

A simple main effect analysis examines:

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 × 2 factorial design?

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal, over) ; age (young, middle, old) ; and gender (male, female) . How many interactions are possible?

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the:

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old) ; gender (male, female) ; and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar) . Identify the type of design this experiment represents.