Quiz 18: Gas Exchange and Transport
Biology
Q 1Q 1
High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called
A) carbonation.
B) hyperdioxia.
C) hyperoxia.
D) hypercarbia.
E) hypercapnia.
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Multiple Choice
E
Q 2Q 2
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately ________ mm Hg.
A) 40
B) 45
C) 50
D) 70
E) 100
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Multiple Choice
E
Q 3Q 3
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately ________ mm Hg.
A) 40
B) 45
C) 50
D) 70
E) 100
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B
Q 4Q 4
Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases,the most variable and,therefore,important factor to consider is the
A) concentration gradient.
B) diffusion distance.
C) membrane surface area.
D) membrane thickness.
E) electrical charge.
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Multiple Choice
Q 5Q 5
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is
A) pulmonary ventilation.
B) external respiration.
C) diffusion.
D) cellular respiration.
E) breathing.
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Multiple Choice
Q 6Q 6
The lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease is
A) emphysema.
B) asthma.
C) pulmonary edema.
D) fibrotic lung disease.
E) lung cancer.
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Multiple Choice
Q 7Q 7
Hypoxia resulting from fluid accumulation in the alveoli that cannot be corrected by oxygen therapy can lead to
A) emphysema.
B) fibrotic lung disease.
C) asthma.
D) adult respiratory distress syndrome.
E) sudden infant death syndrome.
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Multiple Choice
Q 8Q 8
If the partial pressure of oxygen in both air and water is 100 mm Hg,then the concentration of the oxygen is the same in the air and water.
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True False
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True False
Q 10Q 10
Which of the following characteristics makes hemoglobin's structure such a good match for its function as an oxygen carrier?
A) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule.
B) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind two oxygen molecules.
C) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecules.
D) Each hemoglobin molecule can't be saturated by oxygen molecules.
E) Each hemoglobin binds irreversibly to an oxygen molecule.
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Multiple Choice
Q 11Q 11
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
A) dissolved in plasma.
B) bound to hemoglobin.
C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma.
D) bound to a plasma protein.
E) carried by white blood cells.
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Q 12Q 12
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH,hemoglobin is ________% saturated with oxygen.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
E) over 90
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Q 13Q 13
Which of the following would make the oxygen-hemoglobin curve shift right?
A) increased H+ concentration
B) increased pH
C) decreased temperature
D) decreased CO2
E) None of the answers are correct.
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Multiple Choice
Q 14Q 14
Chronic hypoxia
A) increases 2,3-DPG production in blood.
B) shifts the HbO2 dissociation curve to the left.
C) can be caused by anemia.
D) increases 2,3-DPG production in blood and can result from anemia.
E) All of the answers are correct.
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Multiple Choice
Q 15Q 15
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
A) solute dissolved in the plasma.
B) carbaminohemoglobin.
C) bicarbonate ions.
D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
E) carbonic acid.
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Multiple Choice
Q 16Q 16
In the medulla oblongata,the nucleus tractus solitarius contains the ________ of neurons.
A) pontine respiratory group
B) ventral respiratory group
C) dorsal respiratory group
D) pre-Botzinger complex
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Multiple Choice
Q 17Q 17
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
A) oxygen.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) bicarbonate ion.
D) sodium ion.
E) hemoglobin.
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Multiple Choice
Q 18Q 18
An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
A) decrease the rate of breathing.
B) increase the rate of breathing.
C) decrease pulmonary ventilation.
D) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
E) increase the pH of arterial blood.
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Multiple Choice
Q 19Q 19
The expiratory neurons control the ________ muscles,whereas the inspiratory neurons control the ________ muscles.
A) diaphragm and external intercostal, abdominal and internal intercostal
B) abdominal and internal intercostal, diaphragm and external intercostal
C) diaphragm and internal intercostal, abdominal and external intercostal
D) abdominal and external intercostal, diaphragm and internal intercostal
E) diaphragm and abdominal, intercostal internal and external
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True False
Q 21Q 21
The Hering-Breuer reflex
A) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure.
B) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes.
C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes.
D) prevents overexpansion of the lungs.
E) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.
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Multiple Choice
Q 22Q 22
Protective reflexes of the lungs include
A) coughing.
B) bronchoconstriction.
C) bronchodilation.
D) bronchodilation and coughing.
E) coughing and bronchoconstriction.
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Q 23Q 23
Match the lung disease to its description.
A.fibrotic lung disease
B.emphysema
C.asthma
D.pulmonary edema
-destruction of alveoli
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Q 24Q 24
Match the lung disease to its description.
A.fibrotic lung disease
B.emphysema
C.asthma
D.pulmonary edema
-thickened alveolar membrane and decreased lung compliance
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Q 25Q 25
Match the lung disease to its description.
A.fibrotic lung disease
B.emphysema
C.asthma
D.pulmonary edema
-decreased surface area for gas exchange
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Q 26Q 26
Match the lung disease to its description.
A.fibrotic lung disease
B.emphysema
C.asthma
D.pulmonary edema
-increased airway resistance
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Q 27Q 27
Match the lung disease to its description.
A.fibrotic lung disease
B.emphysema
C.asthma
D.pulmonary edema
-fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces
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Q 28Q 28
Match the lung disease to its description.
A.fibrotic lung disease
B.emphysema
C.asthma
D.pulmonary edema
-increased diffusion distance
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Q 29Q 29
Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
A.increase
B.decrease
-increased temperature
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Q 30Q 30
Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
A.increase
B.decrease
-increased pH
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Q 31Q 31
Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
A.increase
B.decrease
-increased PCO2
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Q 32Q 32
Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
A.increase
B.decrease
-increased 2,3-DPG
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Q 34Q 34
Too little oxygen in cells is often accompanied by too much ________,which is called ________.
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Q 40Q 40
________ is characterized by a thickened alveolar membrane,slowing respiratory gas exchange.
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Q 45Q 45
The ________ group of neurons contains mostly inspiratory neurons.The ________ group of neurons controls muscles used for active expiration and some inspiratory muscles.
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Q 46Q 46
The output of the ________ group of inspiratory neurons controls the ________ muscle(s)by way of the ________ nerve.
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Q 47Q 47
Inappropriate relaxation of the ________ muscles during sleep contributes to ________,a sleep disorder associated with snoring.
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Q 48Q 48
Specialized ________ in the carotid and aortic bodies are activated by a decrease in PO2 and pH or an increase in PCO2.What do they trigger?
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Q 49Q 49
The carotid and aortic bodies contain specialized ________ cells,which can increase ventilation in response to changes in PO2,PCO2,or pH.
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Q 50Q 50
Fear and excitement may affect the pace and depth of respiration by stimulation of portions of the ________.
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Q 55Q 55
What are the three ways CO2 is transported in blood? Approximately what percentage is transported by each way?
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Q 56Q 56
Jill lives in St.Louis,which is close to sea level.She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of Denver.After a week in the mountains,what kinds of changes would you expect to see as Jill adapts to the higher altitude?
A) decreased hematocrit
B) decreased blood pressure
C) decreased alveolar ventilation rate
D) decreased PO2 in the alveoli
E) All of the answers are correct.
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Multiple Choice
Q 57Q 57
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen.To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide,you would have to
A) decrease the temperature of the plasma.
B) increase the partial pressure of oxygen.
C) decrease the partial pressure of nitrogen.
D) increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs.
E) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
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Multiple Choice
Q 58Q 58
For maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at the lungs,
A) the pH should be slightly acidic.
B) the temperature should be slightly lower than normal body temperature.
C) the PO2 should be about 70 mm.
D) DPG levels in the red blood cells should be high.
E) All of the answers are correct.
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Q 59Q 59
A student in your lab volunteers to enter a hypoxic breathing chamber for 10 minutes,and his alveolar PO2 drops to 50 mm Hg.What other change would occur?
A) decrease in arterial pH
B) decrease in arterial PCO2
C) decrease in pH of cerebrospinal fluid
D) increase in alveolar PCO2
E) hypoventilation
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Q 60Q 60
A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would
A) interfere with oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
B) cause an increase in blood pH.
C) increase the amount of bicarbonate formed in the blood.
D) decrease the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma.
E) All of the answers are correct.
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Q 61Q 61
The chloride shift occurs when
A) hydrogen ions leave the red blood cells.
B) hydrogen ions enter the red blood cells.
C) bicarbonate ions enter the red blood cells.
D) bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells.
E) carbonic acid is formed.
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Q 62Q 62
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to all EXCEPT which of the following?
A) changes in PCO2
B) changes in PO2
C) changes in pH due to carbon dioxide levels
D) changes in blood pressure
E) All of the answers are correct.
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Q 65Q 65
Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.How does the means of transport relate to the solubility and chemical reactivity of these gases in plasma?
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Q 68Q 68
Draw a flow chart that shows the components of the reflex in which an increase in blood PCO2 leads to increased ventilation.
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Q 69Q 69
An industrious 10-year-old swimmer has attached an extension to his snorkel tube,so that he can sit on the bottom of the ocean for a longer period of time,watching the fish of the coral reef.What problems would you expect him to have? Assuming he is successful in breathing this way for a little while,what are some of the differences he will experience compared to normal breathing?
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Q 70Q 70
Drowning is often the introduction of outside water into the alveoli,yet some water is normally present in alveoli.Why is water normally present in the alveoli? What is present in alveolar fluid,besides water,that aids in respiration? What properties of water are detrimental to respiration? What causes drowning? While extremely rare,there have even been documented cases of people walking away from recreational swimming only to die later,on dry land,as a result of drowning (termed "delayed" or "secondary" drowning).Propose an explanation for delayed drowning.
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Q 71Q 71
In the science fiction movie The Abyss,a diver is able to breathe while his head is immersed in a specially prepared liquid pumped into a water-tight helmet attached to a suit,thus allowing him to dive without an air tank and at greater depths than possible for scuba divers.Is this purely fiction,or is it at least theoretically possible? Explain,considering the nature of alveoli and alveolar gas exchange.Assuming it is possible,describe the composition and nature of the liquid in terms of its oxygen pressure and concentration.
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Q 72Q 72
Do the factors affecting affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen have the same impact on loading and unloading in lungs and tissues? Explain your answer,and indicate if this presents a conflict in remedying hypoxia.Assuming a medical team has treatments available for changing all the factors affecting hemoglobin's oxygen affinity,how should they manipulate pH,temperature,PCO2,and 2,3-DPG content in a hypoxic patient?
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Q 73Q 73
Hemoglobin binds to and has a much higher affinity for carbon monoxide (CO)than for oxygen.CO is colorless and odorless and can be produced in homes heated by natural gas; victims usually do not realize they are being poisoned and often die in their sleep.Describe the likely changes in a CO poisoning victim.
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Q 74Q 74
Compare and contrast carbon monoxide (CO)poisoning,in which CO displaces oxygen from hemoglobin,and metabolic poisoning such as by cyanide.
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Q 75Q 75
Write the chemical equation catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.Suppose the concentration of H+ is increased by an outside force in a solution that had been at equilibrium.According to the law of mass action,what must happen to the CO2 concentration to reestablish equilibrium after this disturbance? What must happen to the concentration of bicarbonate?
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Q 76Q 76
A chemistry student accidentally spills chlorine bleach into a dilute acid.The mixture reacts and produces fumes that are inhaled by the student and that reduce his ventilation.Assume that the gaseous chemical produced is a base (i.e.,it releases OH- in an aqueous solution),and that the chemical is absorbed into the bloodstream at the alveoli.Explain why ventilation is reduced in the patient.
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Q 77Q 77
You are a scientist who has been hired to write a screenplay for a popular TV series.The plot involves the discovery by a rogue botanist of a plant toxin that interferes with the function of the exchange pump responsible for the chloride shift.This scientist provides the toxin to bioterrorists.What should you write for the coroner to say about symptoms in the poisoning victims?
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Q 78Q 78
Which is typically more important in regulating the respiratory system,PO2 or PCO2? Explain your answer and briefly discuss the receptors involved.Give examples of situations in which each of those factors changes enough to stimulate a reflex.How and why are these factors related to each other?
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Q 79Q 79
Timmy is a cantankerous toddler who has just threatened that he will hold his breath until Mom gives him some chocolate.His mother refuses to be manipulated and watches in amusement as Timmy stubbornly refuses to breathe.To her horror,Timmy loses consciousness and collapses onto the floor.Her cousin,who is enrolled in a course for emergency medical technical (EMT)training,is visiting,and tells her there is no need to call for an ambulance.Why did Timmy lose consciousness? Should his mother trust her instincts and call for help and begin CPR,or should she listen to her well-meaning but young and inexperienced cousin? Explain.
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Q 80Q 80
Cary deliberately hyperventilates for several minutes before diving into a swimming pool.Shortly after he enters the water and begins swimming,he blacks out and almost drowns.What caused this to happen?
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Q 81Q 81
Define hyperventilation and explain what may cause it.Is the increased ventilation that occurs while exercising an example of hyperventilation? Explain your answer.How are PO2 and PCO2 affected by hyperventilation? Can breathing into a paper bag remedy hyperventilation or is this just unfounded folk medicine? Explain.
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Q 82Q 82
Oxygen consumption increases with exercise due to the fact that the contracting muscles are doing work and require ATP to produce the contractions.
A) How does the body meet the increased demand for oxygen?
B) Calculate the oxygen consumption of a runner using the following information:
Heart Rate: 130 bpm; Stroke Volume: 270 mL/beat;
Arterial oxygen content: 250 mL O2/L blood,
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Q 83Q 83
The graph below shows an oxygen dissociation curve,with the normal curve in the center.What is the name of the phenomenon that shifts the curve to the right? What causes this change in oxygen dissociation? Is the shift beneficial or detrimental? Explain.
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Q 84Q 84
Refer to the graph below. A.At a PO2 of 80 mm Hg,which type of hemoglobin binds more oxygen?
B.At a PO2 of 40 mm Hg,which type of hemoglobin has released more oxygen to the cell?
C.Explain the significance of the differences in fetal and maternal hemoglobin affinity.
D.If a worm lived in low oxygen mud flats where the PO2 is 60 mm Hg,which type of hemoglobin would be better for it to have? Explain.
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