Quiz 11: Delinquency Prevention and Juvenile Justice Today
Criminal Justice
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True False
True
Q 2Q 2
Historically,when children violated the law,they were often treated the same as adult offenders.
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True False
True
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True False
False
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True False
Q 5Q 5
A case involving a juvenile often demands that the officer consider the facts of the case,the law,and police discretion.
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True False
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True False
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True False
Q 8Q 8
In misdemeanor cases,the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody.
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True False
Q 9Q 9
In felony cases involving juveniles,the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody or have probable cause to believe that a crime took place and that the juvenile did it.
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True False
Q 10Q 10
Most juvenile laws provide broad authority for the police to take juveniles into custody,which implies a protective rather than punitive form of custody.
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True False
Q 11Q 11
Most courts have held that the Fourth Amendment ban against unreasonable search and seizure applies to juveniles.
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True False
Q 12Q 12
Since the mid-1960s,any incriminating statements arising from a "custodial interrogation" cannot be used at trial.
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True False
Q 13Q 13
In the case People v.Lara,the court ruled that a juvenile's waive of his/her Miranda rights is determined by the totality of the circumstances.
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True False
Q 14Q 14
The validity of juvenile waiver of rights depends on the age of the youth,education,their knowledge of the charges,the method of interrogation,and whether the youth was allowed to consult their family.
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True False
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True False
Q 16Q 16
In a classic 1963 study,Nathan Goldman examined the arrest records of more than a thousand juveniles from four communities in Pennsylvania and concluded that the majority of the police contacts with juveniles were handled informally.
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True False
Q 17Q 17
In deciding what to do with a juvenile offender,police officers may be influenced by their perception of community alternatives to police intervention.
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True False
Q 18Q 18
Among the factors that play into the police discretionary process are the attitude of the offender and the complainant.
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True False
Q 19Q 19
Research indicates that a police officer is much more likely to take formal action if the crime is serious,if it has been reported by a respectable member of the community,and if the offender is well known to them.
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True False
Q 20Q 20
Meda Chesney-Lind found that adolescent female status offenders are arrested for less serious offenses than boys.
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True False
Q 21Q 21
The main difference between arrests of adult and juvenile offenders is the broader latitude police have to control youthful behavior.
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True False
Q 22Q 22
According to the text,the use of community policing officers has increased significantly in the last few years.
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True False
Q 23Q 23
Under problem-oriented policing,the main police role should be to increase feelings of community safety.
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True False
Q 24Q 24
Community policing and problem-oriented policing are alike in that both are viewed as proactive delinquency prevention strategies.
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True False
Q 25Q 25
The G.R.E.A.T.program is the only delinquency prevention program to score a 100 percent effectiveness rating for reducing criminal activity of participants over the last decade.
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True False
Q 26Q 26
Operation Ceasefire,which took place in Boston,has been one of the most successful examples of pulling levers policing.
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True False
Q 27Q 27
In regard to the future of juvenile policing,hard technologies refer to nonlethal weapons,such as tasers or stun guns.
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True False
Q 28Q 28
The ______________ was the organization of men in early English society who patrolled areas at night to protect against disturbances and breaches of the peace.
A)posse system
B)watch system
C)guardian angel system
D)Knights of Columbus system
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Multiple Choice
Q 29Q 29
What policing system was used in England prior to the Norman conquest and the establishment of the watch system?
A)Constable system
B)Pledge system
C)Posse system
D)Community policing
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Multiple Choice
Q 30Q 30
The first professional police force was established in 1829 in:
A)Boston
B)New York City
C)London
D)Athens
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Multiple Choice
Q 31Q 31
The British "bobbies" were named after:
A)Bobby Knight
B)Bob Wickersham
C)Robert Peel
D)John Roberts
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Multiple Choice
Q 32Q 32
The most important police official in the American colonies was the:
A)watchman
B)sheriff
C)top pledge
D)police chief
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Multiple Choice
Q 33Q 33
___________________ was the Chief of Police in Berkeley,California,who required university training,used modern management techniques,and instituted prevention programs.
A)Wilson
B)Bell
C)Peel
D)Vollmer
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Multiple Choice
Q 34Q 34
Federal funding from the _________________,an agency set up to fund justice-related programs,was a catalyst for developing hundreds of new police programs and enhancing police services for children.
A)C.O.P.S
B)O.J.J.D.P.
C)L.E.A.A.
D)N.I.J.
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Multiple Choice
Q 35Q 35
Which of the following statements about juveniles' views about the police is true?
A)African American teens are more likely to view the police favorably than their white counterparts.
B)White non-Hispanic youth are the least likely to have a favorable view of the police of all racial/ethnic groups.
C)Asian and Hispanic youth are less likely to view the police favorably than their African American counterparts.
D)Juveniles with prior police contact tend to view police less favorably than juveniles with no prior contact.
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Multiple Choice
Q 36Q 36
Handling juvenile offenders can produce major ___________ for police;they may experience a tension between their desire to perform what they consider their primary duty,law enforcement,and the need to aid in the rehabilitation of youthful offenders.
A)moral dilemmas
B)role conflicts
C)technical strain
D)legal uncertainties
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Multiple Choice
Q 37Q 37
It is estimated that _____ percent of all juvenile arrests are handled informally within the police department or referred to a community service agency.
A)10
B)23
C)35
D)43
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Multiple Choice
Q 38Q 38
Which racial group is less likely to believe the police are honest?
A)White
B)Hispanic
C)African American
D)Asian
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Multiple Choice
Q 39Q 39
Which of the following statements about police informants is true?
A)They share information with police in exchange for money or special treatment.
B)They are undercover cops that develop access to criminal networks.
C)The evidence obtained through informants is inadmissible in court.
D)They are not utilized during investigations involving juveniles.
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Multiple Choice
Q 40Q 40
Juveniles account for what percent of all violent crime arrests?
A)6 percent
B)11 percent
C)16 percent
D)25 percent
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Multiple Choice
Q 41Q 41
Since the mid-1990s,the juvenile violence rate has:
A)surged insurmountably
B)remained stable
C)reduced substantially
D)tripled
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Multiple Choice
Q 42Q 42
Which of the following is the legal standard that allows the police to make an arrest for felonies they did not witness?
A)Reasonable suspicion
B)Beyond a reasonable doubt
C)Absolute certainty
D)Probable cause
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Multiple Choice
Q 43Q 43
_________________ refers to facts,circumstances,and evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime was committed and a specific person did it.
A)Probable cause
B)Reasonable suspicion
C)Reasonable doubt
D)Preponderance of the evidence
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Multiple Choice
Q 44Q 44
Crimes such as murder,rape,and ________________ are felonies.
A)speeding
B)disturbing the peace
C)petty larceny
D)robbery
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Multiple Choice
Q 45Q 45
The protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is contained within the ________________ Amendment.
A)First
B)Fourth
C)Fifth
D)Sixth
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Multiple Choice
Q 46Q 46
Like adults,juveniles are protected against "___________________" searches and seizures.
A)unfair
B)intrusive
C)unreasonable
D)unethical
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Multiple Choice
Q 47Q 47
What happens with illegally seized evidence in juvenile proceedings?
A)It can be used against the youth.
B)It is inadmissible in an adjudicatory hearing.
C)It can be used against the youth,but only if it points to their guilt.
D)It can be used at the youth's hearing,and the officers can be liable for the intrusion.
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Multiple Choice
Q 48Q 48
The right to remain silent,right to an attorney,and the idea that statements made voluntarily will be used against the person make up the:
A)discretionary waiver
B)Miranda warning
C)totality of the circumstances
D)Juvenile Rights Waiver
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Multiple Choice
Q 49Q 49
__________________ refers to questions posed by the police to a suspect held in custody in the prejudicial stage of the juvenile justice process.
A)Interview
B)Custodial interrogation
C)Incident to an arrest
D)Miranda warning
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Multiple Choice
Q 50Q 50
What U.S.Supreme Court case made the Miranda warning applicable to juveniles taken into custody?
A)People v.Lara
B)in re Gault
C)Miranda v.Arizona
D)Breed v.Jones
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Multiple Choice
Q 51Q 51
Which of the following is not a warrantless search?
A)Plain view
B)Stop and frisk
C)Search incident to an arrest
D)They are all warrantless searches
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Multiple Choice
Q 52Q 52
According to _____________________,juveniles can waive their Miranda rights,but the validity of the waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case,otherwise known as the totality of the circumstances.
A)People v.Lara
B)Courtright v.Pennsylvania
C)Miranda v.Arizona
D)California v.Prysock
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Multiple Choice
Q 53Q 53
In ______________________,the Supreme Court ruled that a child asking to speak to his probation officer was not the equivalent of asking for an attorney.
A)Miranda v.Arizona
B)California v.Prysock
C)Fare v.Michael C.
D)People v.Lara
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Multiple Choice
Q 54Q 54
Police _________ is selective enforcement of law by authorized police agents,giving officers a choice among possible courses of action within limits on their power.
A)bias
B)discretion
C)demeanor
D)policy
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Multiple Choice
Q 55Q 55
In a classic 1963 study,Nathan Goldman examined the arrest records of more than 1,000 juveniles from four communities in Pennsylvania and concluded that _________ percent of police contacts with juveniles were handled informally.
A)16
B)37
C)48
D)64
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Multiple Choice
Q 56Q 56
The FBI estimates that almost two-thirds of all juvenile arrests are:
A)referred to juvenile court
B)referred to another agency
C)referred to criminal court
D)handled informally and released
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Multiple Choice
Q 57Q 57
Research shows that police are much more likely to take formal action if:
A)the crime is serious
B)the crime has been reported by a victim who is a respected member of the community
C)if the offender is well known to them
D)all of the above increase the likelihood of police taking formal action
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Multiple Choice
Q 58Q 58
According to the text,which of the following is a source of police discretion?
A)Environmental factors
B)Department policy
C)Situational factors
D)All of the above
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Multiple Choice
Q 59Q 59
Which of the following is not a factor in police discretion with juveniles?
A)Police perception of community alternatives to police intervention.
B)Pressure from supervising officers and decisions made by peers.
C)The level of housing available in the detention facility.
D)Delinquent behavior and actions that occur during police detention.
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Multiple Choice
Q 60Q 60
Most studies conclude that nine variables are important in the police discretionary process.Which of the following is not one of these variables?
A)The attitude of the complainant
B)The type and seriousness of the offense
C)The offender's prior contacts with the police
D)The officer's personality type
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Multiple Choice
Q 61Q 61
________________________ is an evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's or another group's problem or dispute was handled by police.
A)Probable cause
B)Procedural justice
C)Discretionary review
D)Community resolution
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Multiple Choice
Q 62Q 62
What statement about race and police discretion is false?
A)African American youth are arrested at a rate proportionate to their representation in the population.
B)African American drivers are disproportionately stopped by police.
C)African Americans are more likely than European Americans to be recommended for formal processing.
D)African Americans are more likely than European Americans to be given harsher dispositions for comparable offenses.
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Multiple Choice
Q 63Q 63
Which of the following statements is true regarding gender and police treatment?
A)Female teens are more likely than male teens to be arrested for status offenses.
B)Males who have committed minor or status offenses seem to be referred to juvenile court more often than females.
C)Males who engage in "typical male" delinquent activities are much less likely to develop police records than females.
D)Adolescent male status offenders are arrested for less serious offenses than females.
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Multiple Choice
Q 64Q 64
One method of contemporary delinquency prevention relies on aggressive patrolling targeted at specific patterns of delinquency,such as targeting gang areas and arresting members for any law violations. This strategy is known as:
A)community policing
B)saturation patrol
C)problem-oriented policing
D)pulling levers
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Multiple Choice
Q 65Q 65
The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T. )program is one example of a _______________________ partnership to prevent delinquency.
A)police and community
B)school and community
C)police and school
D)police and community
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Multiple Choice
Q 66Q 66
Decentralized police operations,direct engagement with the community,empowering line officers,and community partnerships are associated with:
A)traditional policing
B)problem-orientated policing
C)community policing
D)professional policing
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Multiple Choice
Q 67Q 67
According to the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS)survey,what percent of local police departments have full-time community policing officers?
A)16 percent
B)39 percent
C)47 percent
D)70 percent
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Multiple Choice
Q 68Q 68
_______________ refers to a style of law enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone.
A)Traditional policing
B)Problem-oriented policing
C)Community policing
D)Professional policing
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Multiple Choice
Q 69Q 69
The systematic nature of problem-oriented policing is characterized by its adherence to a four-step model,often referred to as:
A)B.A.R.T.
B)C.O.P.S.
C)S.A.R.A.
D)D.A.R.E.
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Multiple Choice
Q 70Q 70
Operation Ceasefire utilized a highly focused deterrence strategy that involves communicating to offenders direct and explicit messages about the responses they can expect if certain illegal behavior (e.g. ,gun violence)is not ceased. This strategy is known as:
A)Community policing
B)Saturation patrol
C)Problem-oriented policing
D)Pulling levers
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Multiple Choice
Q 71Q 71
Operation Ceasefire has two main elements: a direct law enforcement focus on illicit gun traffickers who supply youth with guns and:
A)an attempt to generate a strong deterrent to gang violence
B)reduction in unlicensed street vendors
C)reduction in truancy in city schools
D)reintegration of hard core gang members into conventional society
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Multiple Choice
Q 72Q 72
What issue is Jason's police handler facing?
A)Authority complex
B)Aversion
C)Role conflict
D)Discretion
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Multiple Choice
Q 73Q 73
What role does Jason serve to law enforcement?
A)Informant
B)Service representative
C)Problem solver
D)Discretionary authority
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Multiple Choice
Q 74Q 74
When police arrested Jason two years ago,what did they need?
A)Custody
B)Probable cause
C)Miranda warning
D)Suspicion
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Multiple Choice
Q 75Q 75
After placing Jason in cuffs,police found the marijuana on him through a pat down. What type of search was this?
A)Plain view
B)Stop and frisk
C)Search incident to arrest
D)Consent search
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Multiple Choice
Q 76Q 76
Given the scenario,what statement best describes what the officer was doing with Stacy's situation?
A)Using his discretion
B)Utilizing rational choice
C)Filing a formal charge against her
D)Discussing options with her parents
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Multiple Choice
Q 77Q 77
What situational factor is evident in this scenario that helped with Stacy receiving only a verbal warning?
A)Attitude of the offender
B)Prior police contact
C)Parents willingness to solve the problem
D)Stacy's denial of alleged actions
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Multiple Choice
Q 78Q 78
What concept may have played into the police officer not arresting Stacy?
A)Masculine hypothesis
B)Gender discrimination
C)Chivalry hypothesis
D)Gender bias
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Multiple Choice
Q 79Q 79
What is not a way in which schools and police have closely collaborated?
A)Police serving as educators
B)Recreational program development
C)School resource officers
D)Undercover operations
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Multiple Choice
Q 80Q 80
What is the least effective police strategy to prevent delinquency?
A)Undercover police in schools
B)Engaging the community
C)Saturation patrols
D)Problem-oriented policing
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Multiple Choice
Q 81Q 81
The systematic nature of problem-oriented policing is characterized by its adherence to a four-step model,often referred to as S.A.R.A. What do the As represent?
A)Arrest and authority
B)Analyze and authorize
C)Analysis and assessment
D)Autonomous and arrest
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Multiple Choice
Q 82Q 82
The English practice of having nighttime patrols to protect the village from disturbances and breaches of the peace was called the ________________ system.
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Short Answer
Q 83Q 83
A police ________________ is a person who has access to criminal networks and shares information with authorities in exchange for money or special treatment under conditions of anonymity.
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Short Answer
Q 84Q 84
Facts,circumstances,and evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime was committed and a particular person committed the crime is called __________________.
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Short Answer
Q 85Q 85
In _________________ cases,the police officer must personally observe the crime in order to place a suspect in custody.
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Short Answer
Q 86Q 86
In __________________ cases,the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody or have probable cause to believe that a certain individual committed the offense.
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Short Answer
Q 87Q 87
__________________________ refers to law enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone.
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Short Answer
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Short Answer
Q 89Q 89
Most courts have held that the _______________ Amendment ban against unreasonable search and seizure applies to juveniles.
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Short Answer
Q 90Q 90
_____________________ refers to questions posed by the police to a suspect held in custody in the prejudicial stage of the juvenile justice process.
Free
Short Answer
Q 91Q 91
The general rule observed by the courts is that juveniles can waive their rights to protection against self-incrimination,but that the validity of this waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case;this is called the __________________________.
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Short Answer
Q 92Q 92
In the case __________________,the totality of the circumstances doctrine was created to test the validity of a rights waiver.
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Short Answer
Q 93Q 93
Most juvenile laws provide broad authority for the police to take juveniles into custody,such statutes are designed to give the police the authority to act ______________________________.
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Short Answer
Q 94Q 94
_________________ is defined as the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system,such as deciding whether to make an arrest.
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Short Answer
Q 95Q 95
____________________ refers to an evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's or another group's problem or dispute was handled by police.
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Short Answer
Q 96Q 96
The ________________________ holds that police are likely to act paternally toward young girls and not arrest them.
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Short Answer
Q 97Q 97
Police departments in Chicago and Los Angeles have at one time used ______________,targeting gang areas and arresting members for any law violations.
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Short Answer
Q 98Q 98
In problem-oriented policing,the four-step model,often referred to as S.A.R.A,includes: scanning,analysis,response,and ____________________.
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Short Answer
Q 99Q 99
Decentralized police operations,direct engagement with the community,empowering line officers,and community partnerships are associated with _________________ policing.
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Short Answer
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Short Answer
Q 101Q 101
Implemented in Boston,__________________ was one of the most successful examples of problem-oriented policing focused on reducing juvenile crime and violence.
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Short Answer
Q 102Q 102
List at least two of the key reformers of policing and their significance to juvenile policing.
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Not Answered
There is no answer for this question
Q 103Q 103
Identify and discuss the key historical events that shaped juvenile policing in America today.
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Essay
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Essay
Q 105Q 105
Discuss the arrest procedure,search and seizure,and custodial interrogation as it relates to juveniles. In your response,integrate the rulings of key U.S.Supreme Court cases,specifically for custodial interrogation.
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Essay
Q 106Q 106
Identify and discuss the factors believed to shape police discretion presented in the text.
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Essay
Q 107Q 107
Most studies conclude that nine situational variables are important in the police discretionary process.Identify and discuss these nine variables.
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Short Answer
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Essay
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