Quiz 11: Delinquency Prevention and Juvenile Justice Today

The first organized police force was created in London in 1829.

Historically,when children violated the law,they were often treated the same as adult offenders.

Many studies find that Hispanic teens are the most likely to view the police as dishonest.

Most officers regard juvenile violations as serious regardless of the offender.

A case involving a juvenile often demands that the officer consider the facts of the case,the law,and police discretion.

Since the mid-1990s,the juvenile violence rate has increased substantially.

Juveniles typically account for about 40 percent of all violent crime arrests.

In misdemeanor cases,the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody.

In felony cases involving juveniles,the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody or have probable cause to believe that a crime took place and that the juvenile did it.

Most juvenile laws provide broad authority for the police to take juveniles into custody,which implies a protective rather than punitive form of custody.

Most courts have held that the Fourth Amendment ban against unreasonable search and seizure applies to juveniles.

Since the mid-1960s,any incriminating statements arising from a "custodial interrogation" cannot be used at trial.

In the case People v.Lara,the court ruled that a juvenile's waive of his/her Miranda rights is determined by the totality of the circumstances.

The validity of juvenile waiver of rights depends on the age of the youth,education,their knowledge of the charges,the method of interrogation,and whether the youth was allowed to consult their family.

Police do not need probable cause to arrest juveniles.

In a classic 1963 study,Nathan Goldman examined the arrest records of more than a thousand juveniles from four communities in Pennsylvania and concluded that the majority of the police contacts with juveniles were handled informally.

In deciding what to do with a juvenile offender,police officers may be influenced by their perception of community alternatives to police intervention.

Among the factors that play into the police discretionary process are the attitude of the offender and the complainant.

Research indicates that a police officer is much more likely to take formal action if the crime is serious,if it has been reported by a respectable member of the community,and if the offender is well known to them.

Meda Chesney-Lind found that adolescent female status offenders are arrested for less serious offenses than boys.

The main difference between arrests of adult and juvenile offenders is the broader latitude police have to control youthful behavior.

According to the text,the use of community policing officers has increased significantly in the last few years.

Under problem-oriented policing,the main police role should be to increase feelings of community safety.

Community policing and problem-oriented policing are alike in that both are viewed as proactive delinquency prevention strategies.

​The G.R.E.A.T.program is the only delinquency prevention program to score a 100 percent effectiveness rating for reducing criminal activity of participants over the last decade.

Operation Ceasefire,which took place in Boston,has been one of the most successful examples of pulling levers policing.​

In regard to the future of juvenile policing,hard technologies refer to nonlethal weapons,such as tasers or stun guns.​

The ______________  was the organization of men in early English society who patrolled areas at night to protect against disturbances and breaches of the peace. A)posse system B)watch system C)guardian angel system D)Knights of Columbus system

What policing system was used in England prior to the Norman conquest and the establishment of the watch system? A)Constable system B)Pledge system C)Posse system D)Community policing

The first professional police force was established in 1829 in: A)Boston B)New York City C)London D)Athens

The British "bobbies" were named after: A)Bobby Knight B)Bob Wickersham C)Robert Peel D)John Roberts

The most important police official in the American colonies was the: A)watchman B)sheriff C)top pledge D)police chief

___________________ was the Chief of Police in Berkeley,California,who required university training,used modern management techniques,and instituted prevention programs. A)Wilson B)Bell C)Peel D)Vollmer

Federal funding from the _________________,an agency set up to fund justice-related programs,was a catalyst for developing hundreds of new police programs and enhancing police services for children. A)C.O.P.S B)O.J.J.D.P. C)L.E.A.A. D)N.I.J.

Which of the following statements about juveniles' views about the police is true? A)African American teens are more likely to view the police favorably than their white counterparts. B)White non-Hispanic youth are the least likely to have a favorable view of the police of all racial/ethnic groups. C)Asian and Hispanic youth are less likely to view the police favorably than their African American counterparts. D)Juveniles with prior police contact tend to view police less favorably than juveniles with no prior contact.

Handling juvenile offenders can produce major ___________ for police;they may experience a tension between their desire to perform what they consider their primary duty,law enforcement,and the need to aid in the rehabilitation of youthful offenders. A)moral dilemmas B)role conflicts C)technical strain D)legal uncertainties

It is estimated that _____ percent of all juvenile arrests are handled informally within the police department or referred to a community service agency. A)10 B)23 C)35 D)43

Which racial group is less likely to believe the police are honest? A)White B)Hispanic C)African American D)Asian

Which of the following statements about police informants is true? A)They share information with police in exchange for money or special treatment. B)They are undercover cops that develop access to criminal networks. C)The evidence obtained through informants is inadmissible in court. D)They are not utilized during investigations involving juveniles.

Juveniles account for what percent of all violent crime arrests? A)6 percent B)11 percent C)16 percent D)25 percent

Since the mid-1990s,the juvenile violence rate has: A)surged insurmountably B)remained stable C)reduced substantially D)tripled

Which of the following is the legal standard that allows the police to make an arrest for felonies they did not witness? A)Reasonable suspicion B)Beyond a reasonable doubt C)Absolute certainty D)Probable cause

_________________ refers to facts,circumstances,and evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime was committed and a specific person did it. A)Probable cause B)Reasonable suspicion C)Reasonable doubt D)Preponderance of the evidence

Crimes such as murder,rape,and ________________ are felonies. A)speeding B)disturbing the peace C)petty larceny D)robbery

The protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is contained within the ________________ Amendment. A)First B)Fourth C)Fifth D)Sixth

Like adults,juveniles are protected against "___________________" searches and seizures. A)unfair B)intrusive C)unreasonable D)unethical

What happens with illegally seized evidence in juvenile proceedings? A)It can be used against the youth. B)It is inadmissible in an adjudicatory hearing. C)It can be used against the youth,but only if it points to their guilt. D)It can be used at the youth's hearing,and the officers can be liable for the intrusion.

The right to remain silent,right to an attorney,and the idea that statements made voluntarily will be used against the person make up the: A)discretionary waiver B)Miranda warning C)totality of the circumstances D)Juvenile Rights Waiver

__________________ refers to questions posed by the police to a suspect held in custody in the prejudicial stage of the juvenile justice process. A)Interview B)Custodial interrogation C)Incident to an arrest D)Miranda warning

What U.S.Supreme Court case made the Miranda warning applicable to juveniles taken into custody? A)People v.Lara B)in re Gault C)Miranda v.Arizona D)Breed v.Jones

Which of the following is not a warrantless search? A)Plain view B)Stop and frisk C)Search incident to an arrest D)They are all warrantless searches

According to _____________________,juveniles can waive their Miranda rights,but the validity of the waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case,otherwise known as the totality of the circumstances. A)People v.Lara B)Courtright v.Pennsylvania C)Miranda v.Arizona D)California v.Prysock

In ______________________,the Supreme Court ruled that a child asking to speak to his probation officer was not the equivalent of asking for an attorney. A)Miranda v.Arizona B)California v.Prysock C)Fare v.Michael C. D)People v.Lara

Police _________ is selective enforcement of law by authorized police agents,giving officers a choice among possible courses of action within limits on their power. A)bias B)discretion C)demeanor D)policy

In a classic 1963 study,Nathan Goldman examined the arrest records of more than 1,000 juveniles from four communities in Pennsylvania and concluded that _________  percent of police contacts with juveniles were handled informally. A)16 B)37 C)48 D)64

The FBI estimates that almost two-thirds of all juvenile arrests are: A)referred to juvenile court B)referred to another agency C)referred to criminal court D)handled informally and released

Research shows that police are much more likely to take formal action if: A)the crime is serious B)the crime has been reported by a victim who is a respected member of the community C)if the offender is well known to them D)all of the above increase the likelihood of police taking formal action

According to the text,which of the following is a source of police discretion? A)Environmental factors B)Department policy C)Situational factors D)All of the above

Which of the following is not a factor in police discretion with juveniles? A)Police perception of community alternatives to police intervention. B)Pressure from supervising officers and decisions made by peers. C)The level of housing available in the detention facility. D)Delinquent behavior and actions that occur during police detention.

Most studies conclude that nine variables are important in the police discretionary process.Which of the following is not one of these variables? A)The attitude of the complainant B)The type and seriousness of the offense C)The offender's prior contacts with the police D)The officer's personality type

________________________ is an evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's or another group's problem or dispute was handled by police. A)Probable cause B)Procedural justice C)Discretionary review D)Community resolution

What statement about race and police discretion is false? A)African American youth are arrested at a rate proportionate to their representation in the population. B)African American drivers are disproportionately stopped by police. C)African Americans are more likely than European Americans to be recommended for formal processing. D)African Americans are more likely than European Americans to be given harsher dispositions for comparable offenses.

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender and police treatment? A)Female teens are more likely than male teens to be arrested for status offenses. B)Males who have committed minor or status offenses seem to be referred to juvenile court more often than females. C)Males who engage in "typical male" delinquent activities are much less likely to develop police records than females. D)Adolescent male status offenders are arrested for less serious offenses than females.

One method of contemporary delinquency prevention relies on aggressive patrolling targeted at specific patterns of delinquency,such as targeting gang areas and arresting members for any law violations. This strategy is known as: A)community policing B)saturation patrol C)problem-oriented policing D)pulling levers

The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T. )program is one example of a _______________________ partnership to prevent delinquency. A)police and community B)school and community C)police and school D)police and community

Decentralized police operations,direct engagement with the community,empowering line officers,and community partnerships are associated with: A)traditional policing B)problem-orientated policing C)community policing D)professional policing

According to the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS)survey,what percent of local police departments have full-time community policing officers? A)16 percent B)39 percent C)47 percent D)70 percent

_______________ refers to a style of law enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone. A)Traditional policing B)Problem-oriented policing C)Community policing D)Professional policing

The systematic nature of problem-oriented policing is characterized by its adherence to a four-step model,often referred to as: A)B.A.R.T. B)C.O.P.S. C)S.A.R.A. D)D.A.R.E.

Operation Ceasefire utilized a highly focused deterrence strategy that involves communicating to offenders direct and explicit messages about the responses they can expect if certain illegal behavior (e.g. ,gun violence)is not ceased. This strategy is known as: A)Community policing B)Saturation patrol C)Problem-oriented policing D)Pulling levers

Operation Ceasefire has two main elements: a direct law enforcement focus on illicit gun traffickers who supply youth with guns and: A)an attempt to generate a strong deterrent to gang violence B)reduction in unlicensed street vendors C)reduction in truancy in city schools D)reintegration of hard core gang members into conventional society

What issue is Jason's police handler facing? A)Authority complex B)Aversion C)Role conflict D)Discretion

What role does Jason serve to law enforcement? A)Informant B)Service representative C)Problem solver D)Discretionary authority

When police arrested Jason two years ago,what did they need? A)Custody B)Probable cause C)Miranda warning D)Suspicion

After placing Jason in cuffs,police found the marijuana on him through a pat down. What type of search was this? A)Plain view B)Stop and frisk C)Search incident to arrest D)Consent search

Given the scenario,what statement best describes what the officer was doing with Stacy's situation? A)Using his discretion B)Utilizing rational choice C)Filing a formal charge against her D)Discussing options with her parents

What situational factor is evident in this scenario that helped with Stacy receiving only a verbal warning? A)Attitude of the offender B)Prior police contact C)Parents willingness to solve the problem D)Stacy's denial of alleged actions

What concept may have played into the police officer not arresting Stacy? A)Masculine hypothesis B)Gender discrimination C)Chivalry hypothesis D)Gender bias

What is not a way in which schools and police have closely collaborated? A)Police serving as educators B)Recreational program development C)School resource officers D)Undercover operations

What is the least effective police strategy to prevent delinquency? A)Undercover police in schools B)Engaging the community C)Saturation patrols D)Problem-oriented policing

The systematic nature of problem-oriented policing is characterized by its adherence to a four-step model,often referred to as S.A.R.A. What do the As represent? A)Arrest and authority B)Analyze and authorize C)Analysis and assessment D)Autonomous and arrest

The English practice of having nighttime patrols to protect the village from disturbances and breaches of the peace was called the ________________ system.

A police ________________ is a person who has access to criminal networks and shares information with authorities in exchange for money or special treatment under conditions of anonymity.

Facts,circumstances,and evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime was committed and a particular person committed the crime is called __________________.

In _________________ cases,the police officer must personally observe the crime in order to place a suspect in custody.

In __________________ cases,the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody or have probable cause to believe that a certain individual committed the offense.

__________________________ refers to law enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone.

Crimes such as murder,rape,and robbery are ___________________.

Most courts have held that the _______________ Amendment ban against unreasonable search and seizure applies to juveniles.

_____________________ refers to questions posed by the police to a suspect held in custody in the prejudicial stage of the juvenile justice process.

The general rule observed by the courts is that juveniles can waive their rights to protection against self-incrimination,but that the validity of this waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case;this is called the __________________________.

In the case __________________,the totality of the circumstances doctrine was created to test the validity of a rights waiver.

Most juvenile laws provide broad authority for the police to take juveniles into custody,such statutes are designed to give the police the authority to act ______________________________.

_________________ is defined as the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system,such as deciding whether to make an arrest.

____________________ refers to an evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's or another group's problem or dispute was handled by police.

The ________________________ holds that police are likely to act paternally toward young girls and not arrest them.

Police departments in Chicago and Los Angeles have at one time used ______________,targeting gang areas and arresting members for any law violations.

In problem-oriented policing,the four-step model,often referred to as S.A.R.A,includes: scanning,analysis,response,and ____________________.

Decentralized police operations,direct engagement with the community,empowering line officers,and community partnerships are associated with _________________ policing.

S.A.R.A.stands for _____________,Analysis,Response,and Assessment.

Implemented in Boston,__________________ was one of the most successful examples of problem-oriented policing focused on reducing juvenile crime and violence.

List at least two of the key reformers of policing and their significance to juvenile policing.​

Identify and discuss the key historical events that shaped juvenile policing in America today.

Discuss how handling juvenile offenders can produce major role conflict for police.

Discuss the arrest procedure,search and seizure,and custodial interrogation as it relates to juveniles. In your response,integrate the rulings of key U.S.Supreme Court cases,specifically for custodial interrogation.

Identify and discuss the factors believed to shape police discretion presented in the text.

Most studies conclude that nine situational variables are important in the police discretionary process.Identify and discuss these nine variables.

Identify and discuss the issues that arise from bias and police discretion.

Compare and contrast community policing and problem-oriented policing.