Question 1

Coronary artery disease can diminish the myocardial blood supply until deprivation impairs myocardial metabolism enough to cause _____,a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply.
A) infarction
B) ischemia
C) necrosis
D) inflammation

Accepted Answer

Ischemia is a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply, which can be caused by coronary artery disease. Infarction, necrosis, and inflammation can be consequences or results of prolonged and severe ischemia.

Question 2

Of the following risk factors for coronary artery disease,which is responsible for a twofold to threefold increase in risk?
A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Hypertension
C) Obesity
D) High alcohol consumption

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the following risk factors for coronary...

Question 3

What are the differences in arterial walls versus vs.walls that promote clot formation?
A) There is inflammation of the endothelium of the artery and roughing of the endothelium of the vein.
B) There is vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery and hypertrophy of the endothelium of the vein.
C) There is excessive clot formation of the endothelium of the artery and lipid accumulation of the endothelium of the vein.
D) There is roughening of the endothelium of the artery and inflammation of the endothelium of the vein.

Accepted Answer

Arterial walls are typically smoother and have less roughening of the endothelium compared to veins. Arterial walls also have more smooth muscle in their walls, which allows for vasoconstriction. On the other hand, veins have thinner walls with larger lumens to allow for the flow of blood back to the heart. However, in conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), the endothelium of the vein can become inflamed and promote clot formation.

Question 4

How does nicotine increase atherosclerosis?
A) By the release of histamine
B) By decreasing nitric oxide
C) By the release of angiotensin II
D) By the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does nicotine increase atherosclerosis?
A) By the...

Question 5

What factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?
A) Increased norepinephrine
B) Adducin
C) Angiotensin II
D) Insulin resistance

Accepted Answer

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated in response to hypertension. Angiotensin II promotes myocardial hypertrophy through multiple mechanisms, including increasing oxidative stress, promoting inflammation and fibrosis, and stimulating growth factor expression.

Question 6

Which source of emboli introduces antigens,cells,and protein aggregates that trigger an immune response within the bloodstream?
A) Amniotic fluid
B) Fat
C) Bacteria
D) Air

Accepted Answer

Amniotic fluid embolism can introduce antigens, cells, and protein aggregates into the bloodstream, triggering an immune response.

Question 7

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for _____ minutes.
A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Accepted Answer

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions (lack of oxygen) for up to 20 minutes before irreversible damage and cell death occur. Beyond this time, the heart muscle becomes too damaged and cannot function properly, leading to a heart attack. Therefore, choice C) 20 is the correct answer.

Question 8

What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli?
A) Deep vein thrombosis
B) Endocarditis
C) Valvular disease
D) Left heart failure

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary emboli most commonly arise from deep vein thrombosis, which can occur in the legs or other parts of the body. The clot travels to the lungs and blocks the pulmonary artery, leading to a pulmonary embolism. Endocarditis, valvular disease, and left heart failure can all lead to cardiovascular complications, but are not typically associated with the development of pulmonary emboli.

Question 9

Which value may be protective for the development of atherosclerosis?
A) High values of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
B) High values of low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
C) High values of high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
D) High values of triglycerides (TG)

Accepted Answer

High values of HDL are believed to be protective for the development of atherosclerosis, as HDL helps to remove excess cholesterol from the arteries and transport it to the liver for processing and elimination. High values of VLDL, LDL, and TG, on the other hand, are considered risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Question 10

Which is a description of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)?
A) An inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-sized arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands
B) A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers,and less commonly the toes
C) An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities
D) A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities

Accepted Answer

Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger disease, is an inflammatory disorder that affects small- and medium-sized arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands. It is typically seen in young male smokers and can cause pain, numbness, and tissue damage in the affected areas. It is not an autoimmune or neoplastic disorder, nor is it characterized by vasospasm.

Question 11

Superior vena cava syndrome is a progressive _____ of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distention of the upper extremities and head.
A) inflammation
B) occlusion
C) distention
D) sclerosis

Accepted Answer

Superior vena cava syndrome occurs due to the obstruction or occlusion of the superior vena cava, not inflammation, distention, or sclerosis.

Question 12

What pathologic change occurs in kidneys of people with hypertension that leads to dysfunction of the glomeruli?
A) Compression of the renal tubules
B) Ischemia of the tubule
C) Increased pressure from within the tubule
D) Obstruction of the renal tubule

Accepted Answer

Hypertension leads to narrowing and thickening of the blood vessels in the kidney, leading to reduced blood flow (ischemia) to the tubules that can lead to tubular damage and dysfunction of the glomeruli.

Question 13

_____ are manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein.
A) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
C) High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
D) Triglycerides (TG)

Accepted Answer

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are manufactured by the liver and primarily contain cholesterol and protein. They are often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because high levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries.

Question 14

Cerebral aneurysms frequently occur in the:
A) vertebral arteries.
B) basilar artery.
C) circle of Willis.
D) carotid arteries.

Accepted Answer

Cerebral aneurysms most often occur in the Circle of Willis, which is a group of arteries at the base of the brain that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures. Aneurysms can occur in other arteries as well, but the Circle of Willis is the most common location.

Question 15

Which is a description of Raynaud phenomenon and disease?
A) An inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-sized arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands.
B) A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities.
C) A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers,and less commonly the toes.
D) An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities.

Accepted Answer

Raynaud phenomenon and disease are characterized by vasospastic disorder of small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white, blue, or red, in response to cold or stress.

Note: Raynaud phenomenon is a secondary condition that occurs as a result of another underlying condition, while Raynaud disease is a primary condition with no underlying cause.

Question 16

Which lab test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?
A) Homocysteine
B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
C) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
D) C reactive protein (CPR)

Accepted Answer

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an indirect measure of inflammation in the body, which can be associated with atherosclerotic plaque formation. Elevated CRP levels can indicate increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Question 17

How does atherosclerosis cause aneurysms?
A) A reduction in oxygen causes ischemia of the intimA.
B) An increase in endothelin increases nitric oxide.
C) Plaque formation erodes the vessel wall.
D) The vessel is obstructed by plaques and thrombus formation.

Accepted Answer

Plaque formation can cause erosion of the vessel wall, weakening it and making it more susceptible to developing an aneurysm. As the plaque builds up in the artery, it can cause inflammation and damage to the smooth muscle cells within the vessel wall. Over time, this can weaken the wall, leading to an aneurysm.

Question 18

What alteration occurs in injured endothelial cells that contributes to atherosclerosis?
A) They release toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
B) They are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines.
C) They produce an increased amount of antithrombic cytokines.
D) They develop a hypersensitivity to homocystine and lipids.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What alteration occurs in injured endothelial cells...

Question 19

What changes in veins occur to create varicose veins?
A) An increase in osmotic pressure
B) Damage to the valves with veins
C) Damage to the venous endothelium
D) An increase in hydrostatic pressure

Accepted Answer

Varicose veins occur when the valves within veins become damaged, causing blood to flow backward and pool in the vein. This pooling of blood leads to the vein walls becoming stretched and weakened, leading to the bulging and twisting associated with varicose veins. Increased osmotic pressure, damage to the venous endothelium, or an increase in hydrostatic pressure are not the primary causes of varicose veins.

Question 20

Which of the following risk factors is associated with a twofold increase in the risk for coronary artery disease death and up to a sixfold risk for stroke?
A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Hypertension
C) Obesity
D) High alcohol consumption

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a twofold increase in the risk for coronary artery disease death and up to a sixfold risk for stroke due to its impact on blood vessels and increased atherosclerosis.

Quiz 29: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Coronary artery disease can diminish the myocardial blood supply until deprivation impairs myocardial metabolism enough to cause _____,a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply.

Of the following risk factors for coronary artery disease,which is responsible for a twofold to threefold increase in risk?

What are the differences in arterial walls versus vs.walls that promote clot formation?

How does nicotine increase atherosclerosis?

What factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

Which source of emboli introduces antigens,cells,and protein aggregates that trigger an immune response within the bloodstream?

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for _____ minutes.

What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli?

Which value may be protective for the development of atherosclerosis?

Which is a description of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease) ?

Superior vena cava syndrome is a progressive _____ of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distention of the upper extremities and head.

What pathologic change occurs in kidneys of people with hypertension that leads to dysfunction of the glomeruli?

_____ are manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein.

Cerebral aneurysms frequently occur in the:

Which is a description of Raynaud phenomenon and disease?

Which lab test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?

How does atherosclerosis cause aneurysms?

What alteration occurs in injured endothelial cells that contributes to atherosclerosis?

What changes in veins occur to create varicose veins?

Which of the following risk factors is associated with a twofold increase in the risk for coronary artery disease death and up to a sixfold risk for stroke?