Question 1

Research has found which of the following
A) People overestimate traits in themselves
B) People overestimate traits in others
C) People overestimate traits in themselves and in others
D) People rarely use traits in describing others

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has found which of the following
A)...

Question 2

Which of the following is a definition of leadership
A) The ability to direct or inspire others
B) The ability to look forward
C) The ability to link self and other
D) Leadership is the same as intelligence

Accepted Answer

Leadership is the ability to guide, direct, or inspire others towards a common goal. It involves having a vision, taking initiative, making decisions, motivating and empowering others, and effectively communicating and collaborating with others. Looking forward and linking self and other may be components of leadership, but they do not fully capture its essence. Leadership is also distinct from intelligence, which is a measure of cognitive ability rather than interpersonal skills and behavior.

Question 3

The traits an individual expresses in one situation are strongly related to those they express in other situations.

Accepted Answer

Traits can vary significantly across different situations due to the influence of environmental factors, context, and the interaction between the person and the situation.

Question 4

Dr.Abbott is an industrial/organizational psychologist.She is examining the relationships among scores on certain MMPI-2 scales and measures of job satisfaction in a particular industry.Dr.Abbott's work exemplifies _________ research.
A) experimental
B) correlational
C) archival
D) observational

Accepted Answer

Dr. Abbott's work exemplifies correlational research, which looks for relationships or associations between two or more variables. She is examining the relationship between scores on certain MMPI-2 scales and measures of job satisfaction.

Question 5

Authoritarianism is one of the "Big Five" personality dimensions.

Accepted Answer

Authoritarianism is not one of the "Big Five" personality dimensions. The "Big Five" personality dimensions are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 6

Which of the following psychologists is LEAST likely to endorse the view that behavior is determined largely by situations,rather than by internal traits
A) Bandura
B) Mischel
C) Skinner
D) Allport

Accepted Answer

Allport was a proponent of trait theory, which emphasizes that behavior is largely determined by internal traits and dispositions rather than external situations. Bandura, Mischel, and Skinner all believed in the importance of situational influences on behavior.

Question 7

Eysenck made important contributions to understanding of introversion/extraversion.

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's personality theory included a focus on introversion and extraversion as two fundamental dimensions of personality. He suggested that these traits were biologically determined and had a direct impact on a person's behavior and social interactions.

Question 8

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a valid personality measure.

Accepted Answer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is widely criticized by psychologists for its lack of reliability and validity. It does not consistently predict behavior or outcomes, and its underlying theory is not supported by empirical evidence.

Question 9

Minnie is taking the TAT.Tammy is taking the Rorschach.Minnie is looking at _________.Tammy is examining ________.
A) inkblots; pictures
B) inkblots; inkblots, too
C) pictures; pictures, too
D) pictures; inkblots

Accepted Answer

The TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) involves looking at pictures and creating a story about them. Therefore, Minnie is looking at pictures. 
The Rorschach test involves examining inkblots and describing what they look like or what they could be. Therefore, Tammy is examining inkblots.

Question 10

The MMPI is a projective test of personality.

Accepted Answer

The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is not a projective test, but rather a self-report inventory of personality. Projective tests involve presenting ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses that reveal unconscious aspects of a person's personality.

Question 11

Which of the following are two traits that have been used to describe effective leaders
A) conscientiousness and charismatic
B) forward-seeking and transformational
C) charismatic and transformational
D) charismatic and other-oriented

Accepted Answer

Charismatic and transformational are two traits that have been consistently used to describe effective leaders in research studies. Charismatic leaders are able to inspire and motivate their followers, while transformational leaders are able to bring about positive change within their organization or community. Together, these traits can make a leader highly effective and influential.

Question 12

Which correlation coefficient best reflects the relationship between the traits an individual displays in one situation and those she displays in other situations
A) r = .00
B) r =.15
C) r =.30
D) r =.50

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which correlation coefficient best reflects the relationship...

Question 13

Which alternative correctly identifies an advantage or a disadvantage of the Big Five model of personality
A) disadvantage - the theory does not predict behavior accurately
B) advantage - the theory captures virtually all the important aspects of personality
C) advantage - the theory is parsimonious
D) disadvantage - the theory lacks cross-cultural generality

Accepted Answer

The Big Five model is considered parsimonious because it captures the most important aspects of personality with the fewest number of dimensions. Option A is not entirely accurate as the model does predict behavior to some extent. Option B is an overgeneralization and not entirely accurate as well. Option D is an actual disadvantage of the model as some of the traits may not have the same meaning or relevance in all cultures.

Question 14

Pam's self-esteem is healthy,and she has a definite need for achievement.With respect to the Big Five personality factors,Pam is most likely:
A) high in both conscientiousness and agreeableness
B) high in openness and low in neuroticism
C) high in both openness and extraversion
D) high in conscientiousness and low in neuroticism

Accepted Answer

Pam's healthy self-esteem and need for achievement suggest high conscientiousness, while there is no evidence provided for her level of agreeableness, openness, or extraversion. Additionally, there is no information indicating whether Pam experiences emotional instability or anxiety, so it cannot be determined whether she is high or low in neuroticism. Therefore, the best choice based on the information given is D, high in conscientiousness and low in neuroticism.

Question 15

Inkblot is to picture as ________ is to _______.
A) Rorschach; TAT
B) TAT; Rorschach
C) MMPI; TAT
D) Rorschach; MMPI

Accepted Answer

Inkblot is a type of picture used in the Rorschach test, whereas the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) is a type of picture used to assess personality and psychological traits. Therefore, the relationship between "inkblot" and "picture" is analogous to the relationship between "Rorschach" and "TAT".

Question 16

Which of the following are valid criticisms of projective tests of personality
A) Projective tests are not valid.
B) Projective tests are not reliable.
C) Projective tests do not tap into the unconscious
D) A and B, but not C

Accepted Answer

While projective tests have their limitations, it is not accurate to say that they do not tap into the unconscious. However, research has shown that projective tests may not be reliable as different raters may interpret responses differently. Additionally, the validity of projective tests is questionable as there is no clear measurement of what is being assessed. Therefore, option D is the most accurate answer as it acknowledges the limitations of projective tests in terms of reliability and validity.

Question 17

The TAT and the Rorschach are ________ tests of personality.
A) objective
B) reflective
C) projective
D) self-report

Accepted Answer

The TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) and the Rorschach are projective tests of personality, meaning that individuals are presented with ambiguous stimuli (images or stories) and asked to project their own meaning and interpretation onto them. The responses are then analyzed by a trained clinician to gain insight into the individual's personality, thoughts, and emotions. Therefore, options A (objective), B (reflective), and D (self-report) are incorrect.

Question 18

Which of the following is most descriptive of research on traits
A) The concept of trait is the same as the concept of attitude
B) People rarely use traits in describing others
C) The situation that people are in influences which traits they express
D) People tend to see more traits in themselves than they do in others

Accepted Answer

Research on traits has shown that while people do have consistent patterns of behavior and thinking, the situation they are in can greatly influence which traits they express. This is known as situational variability in trait expression. Choices A, B, and D are not accurate descriptions of research on traits.

Question 19

Bernie faithfully dials 1-866-PSYCHIC when he faces a big decision or when he simply feels uncertain.He believes the prognostications of the "gifted advisor," even though the predictions are so vague that virtually anyone's experiences would confirm them.Bernie's example illustrates the _______ effect.
A) Barnum
B) Mischel
C) Bandura
D) Allport

Accepted Answer

Bernie's belief in the vague predictions of the "gifted advisor" is an example of the Barnum effect, which refers to the tendency for people to believe in generalized, vague statements that could apply to anyone, due to their desire for validation and guidance. The other options are not relevant to this scenario.

Question 20

Which of the following describes the individual difference measure of Need for cognition
A) Conventional, superstitious, and concerned with sex
B) Believing that one can control his or her own outcomes
C) Examining one's own self and feelings
D) Enjoying thinking about things

Accepted Answer

Need for cognition refers to an individual's tendency to enjoy thinking and engaging in cognitively complex activities. Option D - "enjoying thinking about things" - describes this measure accurately. Option A describes superstition and sexuality and is not relevant to the measure. Option B describes locus of control and option C describes self-reflection, neither of which are directly related to the measure of Need for cognition.

Quiz 11: Schemas: Memory

Research has found which of the following

Which of the following is a definition of leadership

The traits an individual expresses in one situation are strongly related to those they express in other situations.

Dr.Abbott is an industrial/organizational psychologist.She is examining the relationships among scores on certain MMPI-2 scales and measures of job satisfaction in a particular industry.Dr.Abbott's work exemplifies _________ research.

Authoritarianism is one of the "Big Five" personality dimensions.

Which of the following psychologists is LEAST likely to endorse the view that behavior is determined largely by situations,rather than by internal traits

Eysenck made important contributions to understanding of introversion/extraversion.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a valid personality measure.

Minnie is taking the TAT.Tammy is taking the Rorschach.Minnie is looking at _.Tammy is examining .

The MMPI is a projective test of personality.

Which of the following are two traits that have been used to describe effective leaders

Which correlation coefficient best reflects the relationship between the traits an individual displays in one situation and those she displays in other situations

Which alternative correctly identifies an advantage or a disadvantage of the Big Five model of personality

Pam's self-esteem is healthy,and she has a definite need for achievement.With respect to the Big Five personality factors,Pam is most likely:

Inkblot is to picture as __ is to _.

Which of the following are valid criticisms of projective tests of personality

The TAT and the Rorschach are ________ tests of personality.

Which of the following is most descriptive of research on traits

Which of the following describes the individual difference measure of Need for cognition